心理學發現偏愛苦澀口感的人性格更易偏陰暗

A particular liking for bitter-tasting foods and drinks such as coffee and tonic water could mean you have psychopathic tendencies.

對苦味的飲食——如咖啡和奎寧水——有特別偏愛的人很有可能具有心理變態的傾向。

Psychologists have found that those with a preference for bitter tastes were more likely to exhibit signs of Machiavellianism, sadism, and narcissism.

心理學家發現，那些偏愛苦澀口感的人，更易表現出馬基雅維利式的操縱狂、施虐傾向以及自戀傾向。

That is, they were more prone to being duplicitous and self-serving, cold-hearted and lacking in empathy, vain and selfish, and more likely to derive pleasure from other people's pain.

也就是說，他們更加狡黠、以自我爲中心、冷酷、缺乏同情心、自負又自私，喜歡將自己的快樂建立在他人的痛苦之上。

The findings of the study provide the 'first empirical evidence that bitter taste preferences are linked to malevolent personality traits,' said the researchers from Innsbruck University in Austria, who studied 1,000 people in two separate experiments.

奧地利因斯布魯克大學的研究者通過兩項獨立的實驗對1000人進行了研究，研究結果表明“通過第一手的經驗資料，發現偏愛苦味的人與惡毒人格具有某種關聯”。

'The results suggest that how much people like bitter-tasting foods and drinks is stably tied to how dark their personality is.'

“結果顯示，人們對苦味飲食偏愛度越高，基本可以表明他們的性格越灰暗。”

Bitter foods include unsweetened cocoa, black coffee, radishes and the quinine in tonic water.

苦味食物包括無糖可可飲品、黑咖啡、小蘿蔔和奎寧水。

For the first experiment, 500 men and women were shown a long list of foods with equal numbers of sweet, salty, sour and bitter foods. These included chocolate cake, bacon, vinegar and radishes.

在第一次試驗中，將列有許多食物的清單展示給500名男女，清單上包括甜的、鹹的、酸的和苦味的食品，每類食品數量相同，其中包括有巧克力蛋糕、培根、醋和小蘿蔔。

They were asked to rate how much they liked each of them on a six-point scale ranging from dislike strongly to like strongly.

他們需要在一張由最不喜歡到最喜歡的六分量表上，評價自己對每一種食物的喜愛程度。

The participants, who had an average age of 35, then completed four separate personality questionnaires.

參與者的平均年齡爲35歲，接下來他們要完成四種獨立人格的問卷。

The first measured their levels of aggression by asking them to rate how much statements such as 'Given enough provocation, I may hit someone' sounded like them.

第一個層面是對人格侵略性的測量，通過他們對侵略性陳述和自己的相似程度作出的自我評價來判斷，比如“假如有人挑釁，我可能會出手揍他”。

For the second, participants were asked to rate how strongly they agreed or disagreed with statements designed to assess the personality traits of Machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissism.

在第二個層面，他們被要求針對問卷設計的具有馬基雅維利主義、病態人格和自戀症特徵的陳述，表明自己的認同程度。

Example questions in each of these sections included 'I tend to manipulate others to get my way', 'I tend to be callous or insensitive' and 'I tend to want others to pay attention to me', respectively.

以上每一類的示例問題分別包括“爲了達成目的，我可能會利用他人”，“我很容易變得冷酷無情或麻木不仁”以及“我希望他人能關注我”。

Next, the participants answered questions relating to the 'Big 5' personality dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and emotional stability.

接下來，參與者需要回答有關外向型、親和型、自覺型與情感穩定型的五大性格維度測試問題。

And lastly they completed the Comprehensive Assessment of Sadistic Tendencies, which assesses a person's tendency towards 'everyday sadism'.

最後，他們會完成施虐傾向的綜合評價問卷，測試他們是否具有“日常施虐”的人格傾向。

This involved rating on a scale how much they agreed or disagreed with statements such as 'When making fun of someone, it is especially amusing if they realise what I'm doing', and 'I enjoy tormenting people'.

這一問卷基於他們對一系列陳述的認同程度，如“當惡搞某人時，如果他們意識到我對他們做了什麼，我會感到特別好玩”，“我很享受折磨別人”。

'General bitter taste preferences emerged as a robust predictor for Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism and everyday sadism,' the researchers wrote in the journal Appetite.

研究者在Appetite期刊上寫道，“一般來說，偏愛苦味是馬基雅維利式操縱狂、心理變態、自戀傾向以及施虐傾向強有力的預測信號。”

Agreeableness – the extent to which a person is kind, sympathetic and cooperative– was negatively correlated with bitter taste preferences, they added.

他們補充道，親和性（善良、有同情心和合作精神的人格維度）與偏愛苦味呈負相關。