心理治療中十種奇怪的技法(2)

s Therapy

7.國際象棋療法

Sometimes healing is best done in the company of kings and queens. Patients get clear about their feelings in chess therapy, a technique used to reach patients who have trouble communicating verbally. The idea of using board games to help patients learn problem-solving skills was first used by Persian scholar Rhazes (AD 852–932) during his tenure as chief physician at a Baghdad hospital. Since then, the game of chess has been used to represent real-life problems, allowing patients to explore skills like conflict resolution and decision making.

有時國王和王后的陪伴能實現最佳治療效果。患者很清楚自己在國際象棋療法中獲得的感受，該療法用於影響那些口頭溝通有障礙的患者。利用棋牌遊戲幫助患者學習解決問題的技巧，最初是波斯學者拉齊（公元852–932）在巴格達一家醫院擔任主任醫師期間使用過。此後，國際象棋的遊戲被用來代表現實問題，從而使患者有機會探索解決衝突和做出決策的技能。

One case study reports that chess was an excellent outlet for a 16-year-old boy with schizoid personality disorder who felt emotionally isolated from other people. While he struggled to form relationships, playing chess helped him see his therapist as a partner and confidant. As therapy went on, he felt safe sharing his feelings, all during the banter of discussing his next move.

一個案例研究報告顯示，對於一個患有分裂性人格障礙並在感情上與他人隔絕的16歲男孩而言，國際象棋是絕佳的發泄渠道。雖然他努力建立關係，下棋讓他把治療師視爲合作伙伴和知己。隨着治療的推移，他分享感受時感到很安全，一切都融入了討論他下一步棋的輕鬆氛圍。

Rooks and pawns allow patients to act out fantasies and explore impulses. Simply questioning why the patient has decided to move a piece in a certain way might give way to conversation about a bigger issue.

車和卒讓患者表現出幻想並且探索衝動。只關心爲什麼患者決定以某種方式移動一枚棋子的問題，應該讓位於討論更重大的內容。

erness Therapy

6.荒野療法

When the campsite is set up and the fire is lit, the doctor is in. Wilderness therapy is a successful, and sometimes controversial, way to help troubled youth by teaching life and social skills on the hiking trail. Intensive group therapy and one-on-one sessions are coupled with outdoor activities like mountain climbing and fly-fishing to teach self-reliance and responsibility. Programs promise to reform even the most wayward of offenders, including juvenile delinquents and teens with depression, anger management issues, or eating disorders.

當露營地搭建完畢，篝火已經點燃時，醫生的作用就開始顯現了。荒野療法是一種通過在遠足途中傳授生活經驗和社交技巧來幫助內心有困擾的年輕人的方法，這種方法很成功但有時候也具爭議。密集的集體治療和一對一治療總是與室外活動一起進行，比如爬山和假蠅釣魚（譯者注：指用假蒼蠅釣魚的技巧或運動，流行於歐美）可以教會人們自立和負責任。這些活動甚至可以改變異常任性而不守規矩的人，包括青少年罪犯和患有抑鬱症、情緒管理有問題或者飲食失調的青年。

While wilderness therapy can be effective, certain methods have come under fire for using unethical, and sometimes downright abusive, techniques to help struggling youth. Wilderness programs are loosely regulated, so not all programs are staffed by qualified professionals. Upon closer examination, some "therapy" groups seemed to be just military-style boot camps with little mental health benefit.

雖然荒野療法可以達到預期效果，但是運用不道德的方法，有時甚至是殘忍的方法來幫助苦苦掙扎的年輕人，這遭到了強烈指責。由於荒野治療項目監管不嚴，導致並不是所有的項目活動都是由專業人員來開展。最近的項目檢查結果表明，一些治療小組似乎就是軍事化訓練營地，實際上對心理健康幾乎毫無益處。

Most famous for his controversial wilderness therapy programs is Steve Cartisano, founder of the Challenger Foundation and several other programs throughout the US and South America. Cartisano faced negligent homicide charges when two teens died during excursions that he was supervising. Although he has been acquitted of that charge, a string of abuse allegations have followed him wherever he sets up shop. He maintains his innocence and his dedication to helping youth, but his whereabouts are currently unknown.

史蒂夫·卡迪薩諾（Steve Cartisano）因頗具爭議的荒野治療項目而出名，他創立了"挑戰者基金會"（Challenger Foundation）和美國、南美地區其他一些項目。卡迪薩諾被指控因疏忽而殺人，因爲在他監管下的兩個少年死於遠程旅行。儘管最後他被宣判無罪釋放，但是無論他到哪裏去開店，一系列的辯解都會籠罩他的左右。他繼續保持清白並努力幫助青少年，但是他的行蹤目前無人知曉。

Even legitimate wilderness therapy groups have been criticized for partnering with teen escort companies to forcibly remove unwilling participants from their homes to attend the program. While controversy and risk exist, wilderness therapy might be a creative way to teach life skills when other methods have failed.

即便是合法的荒野理療小組也受到過批評，因爲他們與一些少年託運公司合作，強制那些不願參加他們項目的人離開家去參加他們的項目。儘管存在爭議和風險，當其他方法不管用時，荒野療法可能是一種即可以傳授生活技巧而又頗具創意的方法了。

otherapy

5.催眠療法

Hypnotism might seem like a magic trick, but it actually has the power to help people break into their subconscious to get to the cause of their problems, like smoking or overeating. Hypnotherapy helps patients change unwanted behaviors with suggestions of new behavior patterns during guided meditation sessions.

催眠理療法就像具有魔法的花招一樣，但是它確實可以幫助人們進入潛意識並且找到問題的原因，像抽菸和過度飲食這一類問題那樣。在冥想過程中，催眠療法幫助患者改變他們討厭的行爲，並給予他們不同行爲方式的建議。

The feeling of "zoning out," such as while driving long distance or lying on the beach, is what a hypnotic state feels like. While hypnotized, the patient is not asleep, but rather extremely relaxed and sensitive to suggestion. Psychotherapists who use this method believe that while hypnotized, a patient can uncover subconscious negativity and replace it with new ways of thinking or feeling.

"走出來"的感覺——長時間開車或者躺在沙灘上的感覺與催眠狀態下的感覺一樣。被催眠後，患者並沒有睡着，他們對一些建議表現得極度放鬆和敏感。使用這種理療方法的理療師認爲，當實施催眠術時，病人會暴露自己潛意識裏的消極之處，並且會用新的想法或者感覺取代它。

Skilled hypnotherapists begin the process with a relaxation exercise to clear the mind and to release tension. (Think of the classic line, "You're getting very sleepy.") From there, the hypnotist expertly guides the patient through suggestions to solve the problem, like choosing healthier snacks or eating smaller portions to lose weight. The brain, much like a sponge in this moment, will supposedly start to incorporate those recommendations into new patterns of thought.

經驗豐富的催眠師剛開始都會讓患者做些放鬆的活動來清醒大腦，釋放壓力。（想想經典的臺詞，你會變得睡意朦朧）之後，催眠師會給病人一些建議來指導他們解決一些問題，比如選擇更健康的小吃或者吃少一點來減肥。大腦在此刻就像一塊海綿，它開始吸收這些建議然後轉變成新的思維模式。

Hypnotherapy is meant to be used alongside regular talk therapy and not just on its own. Patients can even learn to hypnotize themselves to find stress relief on their own.

催眠療法意味着，長時間有規律的說話治療並不是單單靠催眠。病人甚至可以學着自己對自己實施催眠術來解壓。

play Therapy

4.箱庭療法

Building sand castles is fun in the summertime and may have therapeutic value, too. Much like chess therapy, sandplay therapy offers those with trouble communicating the chance to share their feelings by designing scenarios with figurines in sand trays. Children, and sometimes adults, relay their feelings through expressive creations without ever having to speak a word.

夏日堆沙堡，既有趣又有治療作用。箱庭療法和象棋療法相似：有交流障礙的人可以用沙盤裏的小模型設計不同場景，這爲他們提供了分享情感的機會。不光是孩子，成人也可以一言不發，通過沙盤設計表達自己的情感。

Inspired by the teachings of Carl Jung, Swiss psychologist Dora Kalff developed the sandplay technique to communicate with patients who might have difficulty sharing their feelings as a result of trauma or abuse. Patients are provided with trays of sand and a variety of figurines. They are instructed to create stories about the toys and the patterns of play that emerge can often mirror real problems in the patient's life.

箱庭療法，用於治療那些因精神創傷或者虐待而有情感表達障礙的患者，是瑞士精神分析學家卡爾夫基於榮格的思想而發展的一項心理療法。患者會得到一些沙盤和形態各異的小雕塑，在治療師的指導下給玩具編造一些故事，而這些故事腳本往往都會反應他們在現實生活中遇到的難題。

Therapists are trained to pick up on those symbols. When a child makes adult figures act aggressively while child figures behave anxiously, the therapist might ask the child to explain why older people are mean to little kids. A conversation about the toys might give way to sharing details of an abusive parent. While discussing trauma or abuse can be difficult, the playfulness of the sand sets the stage for healing conversation to take place.

治療師經過訓練要掌握以下技巧。當孩子的言行惹怒家長，而孩子表現出焦慮時，治療師可以引導孩子說說"爲什麼成人會對孩子如此刻薄"。與其談論玩具，不如聊聊父母虐待的細節。直接聊痛苦或虐待的事可能不會順利，但有了箱庭療法，心理治療就有了談話治療的平臺。

審校：Amy.L 編輯：Freya然 校對：落花生