心理治療中十種奇怪的技法(3)

ding Therapy

3.滿灌療法

Phobias, extreme and irrational fears, can cause much anxiety and pain. But never fear; anxiety caused by spiders, dogs, and even elevators can all be alleviated through flooding, an intense form of exposure therapy that requires patients to face their fears.

恐懼、驚駭會引發焦慮和痛苦。但不用擔心，滿灌療法（患者直面他們所恐懼的情景），能幫患者擺脫害怕蜘蛛、狗，甚至害怕電梯的心理焦慮。

Irrational fears are cured by exposing the patient to the fear-inducing object over a long period of time. For example, a person looking to get rid of his fear of dogs may start by just looking at photos of dogs under the supervision of a trained professional. Therapy continues with an "exposure" to dogs in person and eventually working up the courage to pet actual puppies. The slow pace of learning to manage fear has proven to have high success rates in gently treating anxiety, phobias, and post-traumatic stress disorder.

讓患者長時間接觸他所恐懼的事物，能治癒他對此事物產生的莫名恐懼。譬如，要讓患者擺脫"恐狗症"，專業人士一開始會引導他們嘗試着去看狗的照片。接下來治療師會讓患者和狗"直接接觸"，最終激發他撫摸寵物狗的勇氣。試着戰勝恐懼的緩慢過程，對焦慮、恐懼和創傷後應激障礙等症狀療效顯著。

Flooding therapy works just like exposure therapy, except there is nothing slow about it. Patients will be asked to face full-on fear in the first visit. There is no gradual introduction to the feared object, and flooding can be quite intense. Dog-phobic individuals will be asked to play with puppies right away and elevator-hating people will spend their first flooding session riding the lift without breaks. Flooding therapy evokes a strong anxiety response that in theory, will exhaust the patient into letting go of the irrational fear.

滿灌療法和暴露療法一樣直截了當：患者第一次求醫，醫生就會讓他們直面所有令其恐懼的場景。滿灌療法帶來的刺激十分強烈，因爲這種療法不是循序漸進的，不會讓患者慢慢接觸他所恐懼的事物——理療師會安排害怕狗的患者直接和小狗玩耍，讓害怕乘坐電梯的患者直接去乘坐電梯。滿灌療法的原理，是激發患者內心強烈的焦慮感，進而消除恐懼感。

However, critics say that intense exposures may not be therapeutic but instead traumatic to people already struggling with extreme fear. In some cases, flooding actually makes the phobia worse. There is no way to know if a patient will respond well to flooding therapy, so the general consensus is that slow and steady wins the race.

然而，有批評者指出，這樣的暴露療法不但不會起到治療效果，反而會適得其反，讓已經備受恐懼折磨的患者更加痛苦。的確，有患者接受滿灌療法後，恐懼感有增無減。患者是否會對滿灌療法產生不良反應，無法預測；所以，使用滿灌療法時不急於求成，效果可能更好。

et Therapy

2.玩偶療法

Dragons, pigs, and puppies can help you learn to deal with an overbearing boss, an annoying neighbor, or a troublesome child. Puppets play an important role in therapy by helping patients express emotions and practice difficult conversations in the safe company of a stuffed animal. As they practice being assertive with a toothy tiger puppet, patients might feel freer to stand up for themselves outside of therapy. Puppets make it easier for patients, especially children, to practice expressing difficult emotions, discuss abuse, or practice social skills in a playful way.

龍、豬、小狗等一些玩偶可以幫助你學會怎樣應對一個難以忍受的老闆、一個令人厭煩的鄰居，或是一個難以管教的孩子。玩偶在治療中很重要，不僅能夠幫助病人表達感情，而且在填充玩具的陪伴下，病人可以安全地練習有難度的對話。如果病人能在張牙舞爪的老虎玩偶面前保持勇敢自信，那麼他們可能會在治療之外更自然地相信自己。玩偶使得病人，尤其是孩子們，在練習表達複雜的感情、討論被虐待的情況或者實踐社交技能時更加容易，方式更加有趣。

Puppets create a safe distance between the therapist and patient, so it feels more comfortable speaking through the puppet. Trained therapists can creatively mirror the child’s problems, which makes introducing difficult topics easier. For example, a girl struggling with moving to a new town is told that the puppet has just moved, too.

玩偶在治療師和病人之間創造了一段安全的距離，所以通過玩偶來說話會讓人感到更舒服。訓練有素的治療師能夠創造性地反映出孩子的問題，這也使得進入有難度的話題變得容易。比如，一個糾結於搬到新城市的女孩得知玩偶也已經搬過去了。

The therapist interviews the puppet, rather than the patient, which gives the patient license to say whatever they feel. Puppets, and other forms of play therapy, have proven to be excellent ways to teach autistic children social skills or to practice imaginative thought.

治療師會詢問玩偶而不是病人，這給了病人說出所有他們的感受的許可。玩偶，以及其他治療形式，已經被證明是自閉症兒童學習社交技巧或是鍛鍊想象力的絕佳方法。

iculture Therapy

1.園藝療法

Imagine the patience and knowledge it takes to grow a tiny seed into a strong tree. In horticulture therapy, therapists combine their love for nature with their expertise in mental health to teach those skills. Much like equine therapy uses the horse to teach skills, horticulture therapists use plants to convey different lessons and skills. Working in prisons, hospitals, and nursing homes, therapists initiate conversation while gardening or crafting pinecone bird feeders.

試想讓一顆種子長大成一棵大樹需要花費的耐心和知識。在園藝療法中，治療師們結合他們對自然的愛和精神健康方面的專業知識去教授這些技能。很像馬匹療法中用馬匹教會患者一些生活技能，園藝療法用植物去傳授不同經驗和技能。在監獄、醫院和療養院的治療師們，會借用進行園藝工作或者製造松果喂鳥機的機會展開對話。

As groups work together to plant flowers or grow gardens, therapists lead conversations on confidence and teamwork. Horticulture therapy is especially useful for people with disabilities. Activities can be designed for people in wheelchairs or with other special needs. Anyone can delight in the happiness of watching a flower grow. It can be a great source of pride to watch a planted seed grow and be instrumental in its care. By connecting with nature, patients find calmness to bring into their own lives.

當每個組一起種花或打理果園時，治療師們會引導患者談論信心和合作的話題。園藝療法對身患殘疾的人特別有幫助。可以爲坐在輪椅上的或有其他特殊需求的人設計活動。任何人在看到花兒成長時都會感到幸福和喜悅。看到種下的種子不斷成長，並且自己的呵護有了作用，這會帶來一種極大的自豪感。通過與自然相聯繫，病人們將平靜帶進了自己的生活中。

審校：Amy.L 編輯：Freya然 校對：落花生