如何讓移民融入德國社會 Merkel studies lessons of past influx to integrate newcomers
When it comes to managing Germany’s refugee surge, Chancellor Angela Merkel has pledged to learn from past immigration waves.
對於如何處理涌入德國的難民激增的問題，德國總理安格拉默克爾(Angela Merkel)承諾要從過去的移民潮中吸取教訓。
She would do well to talk to 23-year-old Elvedin Goljica. The Kosovo-born student might seem a poster boy for integration. After arriving as an infant with his parents from war-torn Yugoslavia in 1992, he did well at school, attends a top university and has a prestigious foreign ministry internship.
她大可以跟Elvedin Goljica談一談。這名出生在科索沃、現年23歲的學生看起來也許是移民融入當地社會的典範。1992年尚在襁褓的他隨父母從飽受戰爭蹂躪的南斯拉夫來到德國，他學業出色並進入頂尖大學就讀，目前擁有一份光鮮的外交部實習工作。
But Mr Goljica argues that he suffers from the gap that still divides ethnic Germans from immigrants and their German-born children. For him it is mostly to do with xenophobic jokes, pointed questions about his name, and occasional encounters with rude officials.
但是，Goljica認爲，本土德國人與移民及生於德國的移民子女之間仍然存在差距，這讓他感到痛苦，主要的問題是那些仇外的玩笑、針對他的名字提出的尖銳問題以及偶爾遇到的粗魯官員。
“If I say my name, people assume I am a foreigner. People ask me about Kosovo as if it were my home, but I have never lived there since I was a baby,” he says.
“如果我說出自己的名字，人們會認爲我是外國人。人們會問我關於科索沃的事，就好像那是我故鄉似的，但是我很小的時候就離開那裏了，”他稱。
He is so concerned that he has joined an online campaign called “I too am Germany” in which immigrant-origin young people have posted pictures to emphasise Germany’s multicultural reality. Others on the site talk about everything from racist insults to ticket inspectors picking on dark-skinned passengers.
爲此他加入了網上一個名爲“我也是德國人”(I too am Germany)的活動。在該活動中，移民出身的年輕人貼出了許多展現德國多元文化的照片。還有些網民討論從種族攻擊到檢票員專門挑深膚色的乘客等種種現象。
Faced with the burden of taking in an estimated 1m migrants this year, the German government might be forgiven for paying less attention to the complaints of people already established. But Ms Merkel says those granted asylum must feel at home. She told the Bundestag this month: “We must learn from the experiences [of the past] . . . and, from the outset, put the highest priority on integration.”
鑑於德國今年預計將接收100萬移民，德國政府較少關注現有移民的抱怨或許是可諒解的。但是，默克爾稱，那些得到庇護的難民理應感覺像在家一樣。她9月向德國聯邦議院(Bundestag)稱：“我們必須從（過去的）經歷中吸取教訓……而且從一開始就高度重視融入問題。”
Mr Goljica’s story is relevant because he was part of the last big wave of asylum-seekers to shelter in Germany — 350,000 refugees from the Yugoslav wars of the early 1990s. Confronted with the arrival of other eastern European migrants and the turmoil of German reunification, the government took a hard line over the Balkan refugees under rightwing political pressure.
之所以要提Goljica的故事，是因爲他是上一波涌入德國尋求避難的大規模難民潮——上世紀90年代初逃離南斯拉夫戰爭涌入德國的35萬難民——的其中一員。在同時還要面對其他東歐移民涌入以及兩德統一引發動盪的背景下，德國政府當時在右翼政治壓力的影響下對來自巴爾幹半島的難民採取了強硬政策。
Most had to return to Bosnia after the 1995 Dayton peace accord, with only about 40,000 remaining after 2000, says UNHCR, the UN refugee agency. Those who stayed struggled to be granted permanent residence, including the Goljica family. “For 10 years my father fought with officials,” said Mr Goljica.
聯合國難民署(UNHCR)表示，1995年《代頓和平協定》(Dayton Peace Accords)簽署後，多數人不得不返回了波斯尼亞，僅有4萬人在2000年後仍然留在德國。那些留下來的難民很難獲得永久居民身份，其中就包括Goljica一家。“我爸爸和官員爭了10年，”Goljica稱。
Bernd Mesovic, of Pro Asyl, a lobby group, says: “It was idiotic to push people out. Many of the best-qualified went to the US.”
遊說團體“支持避難組織”(Pro Asyl)的貝恩德蔠索維奇(Bernd Mesovic)稱：“把人們趕出去的做法是愚蠢的。很多最有資格的人都去了美國。”
The ex-Balkan refugees are among Germany’s best-integrated immigrants, with many benefiting from ties with relatives who had arrived in earlier decades, and community organisations. Former refugees include prizewinning writer Sasa Stanisic and football international Neven Subotic. Edmin Atlagic, president of IGBD, a leading Bosnian community group, says: “We have adapted well to Germany because we came from a secular pluralist society.”
前巴爾幹半島難民是德國最融入當地社會的移民羣體之一，其中很多人都受益於比他們早幾十年到達德國的親戚以及社區機構的幫助。前難民中包括獲獎作家薩沙斯塔尼希奇(Sasa Stanisic)以及國際足球明星內文蘇博蒂奇(Neven Subotic)。主要的波斯尼亞社區團體IGBD的主席埃德明阿特拉吉奇(Edmin Atlagic)稱：“我們已經很好地適應了德國，因爲我們來自一個世俗的多元化的社會。”
Today’s Middle Eastern refugees are escaping civil war, like their Balkan predecessors, but they are arriving in a country that is much more welcoming than 25 years ago. The German economy, burdened in the 1990s by reunification costs, is powering ahead and companies are crying out for skilled workers. As Ms Merkel says, the country has money for supporting refugees.
就像過去來自巴爾幹半島的難民一樣，如今的中東難民正在逃離內戰，但是他們所抵達的國家比25年前更歡迎移民。上世紀90年代受到統一代價拖累的德國經濟如今一馬當先，企業迫切需要熟練工人。正如默克爾所言，德國現在有錢支持難民。
Also, successive governments have rejected past anti-immigration policies, when immigrants were seen as temporary visitors, and have backed integration. Since 2000 Berlin has passed laws to fight discrimination, support immigrants (via language lessons), ease rules for migrants’ German-born children to claim citizenship, and relax restrictions on asylum-seekers working.
此外，德國多屆政府都反對過去的反移民政策（當時移民被視爲臨時訪客），而支持融合。自2000年開始，柏林通過了一系列法律來消除歧視、（通過語言課）幫助移民、放寬在德國出生的移民子女申請公民身份的相關規定、以及放寬對尋求庇護者參加工作的限制。
Germany today has Europe’s largest immigrant population; over 10m out of a total of 81m. Immigrants’ earnings lag behind the native population’s by about 20 per cent, only a little more than in the UK and France. Further, an easy-access social security system means that Germany has only 28 per cent of foreign-born people in poverty, fewer than in Britain and France, according to the EU.
如今德國擁有歐洲數量最龐大的移民人口；其8100萬人口中有超過800萬是移民。移民的收入比德國本土人口低20%左右，這個比例僅略大於英國和法國。而且，據歐盟數據顯示，容易參與的社會保障體系意味着德國僅有28%的外來移民處於貧困之中，低於英國和法國的比例。
But immigrant-origin Germans still lag behind natives in living standards, housing quality and education. According to the OECD’s Pisa education tests, immigrant-origin youngsters scored an average of 54 points below their non-immigrant classmates in mathematics in a 2012 study — a smaller gap than the 81-point difference of a decade earlier but bigger than the 34 OECD average.
但是，在生活水平、住房條件以及教育方面，移民出身的德國人仍然落後於本土德國人。根據經合組織(OECD)國際學生評估項目(Pisa)測試結果，在2012年的一項研究中，移民出身的青少年在數學上的平均得分比非移民的同學低54分，比10年前81分的差距有所減小，但是仍大於經合組織的平均差距（移民比非移民平均低34分）。
Refugee activists call for further action, including more provision of German lessons and affordable housing. But the ex-Balkan immigrants are disappointed that Syrian asylum-seekers are receiving residence rights of only three years. Conservative Germans say even this is too generous since refugees should be ready to leave when their home countries stabilise. But Mr Atlagic says: “People need to have the perspective of permanent residence from the outset. Only then will they will fully commit to integration in Germany.”
爲難民奔走的活動人士呼籲政府採取進一步措施，包括提供更多德語課程以及可負擔住房。但是前巴爾幹半島移民對來自敘利亞的尋求庇護者將僅獲得3年居住權感到失望。德國人中的保守派甚至稱，這太過寬宏大量了，難民應該隨時準備好在其祖國局勢穩定後離開德國。但是阿特拉吉奇稱：“人們應該從一開始就抱有永久居留的想法。只有這樣他們纔會在德國盡力去融入社會。”
