中英雙語話歷史 第41期:三國(曹操統一北方)
Yuan Shao extended his power to the north of the Yellow River, while in further south, between the Yellow River and the Huai River, there was a tense and vicious conflict between Yuan Shu, Cao Cao, and Tao Qian, the Governor of Xu province, Lu Bu from the northwest and Liu Bei, a man of poor family who yet claimed descent from the rulers of former Han.
Yuan Shu was driven south to of the Huai River in 193, Tao Qian was destroyed in 194, and Liu Bei surrendered in 196.
袁術於公元193年兵敗逃到河北（淮河以北），陶謙於次年被擊敗，劉備在196年投降曹操。Cao Cao’s power spread unprecedently, and by 198，when he captured Lu Bu and killed him, Cao Cao had no further rival in the southern part of the Yellow River area.
曹操的軍隊實力盛極一時，到198年曹操俘殺呂布後，在黃河流域已無人能敵。
In 196, Cao Cao forced Emperior Xian to move his capital to Xuchang (in pres-' ent-day Henan Province), took advantage of ruling in the emperor ’ s name and continued to project his he justified his actions as a loyal minister of Han.
公元196年，曹操又將洛陽的獻帝迎至許昌，挾天子以令諸侯，在政治上得到了優勢。During this period, the development of agriculture was heavily hampered and there were prevailing famines, therefore food supply was fatal for warlords. The cases were countless that the warlords were self-defeated for lacking sufficient food supply instead of being destroyed in the battle.
這一時期，社會生產遭受嚴重破壞，出現大饑荒。糧食供應成爲各軍事軍隊最大的問題，因軍糧不足而無敵自破者不可勝數。In the same year, Cao Cao accepted a land reclamation system，an advice proposed by Zao Di，one of his subord卜 nate. According to this system, destitute peasants placed under military officers were organized into civilian colonies to work in the land while soldiers, when not fighting, were encouraged to grow crops in military colonies. This system yielded with great harvest and excellent results.
建安元年，曹操採納部下棗祇等人的建議，在許下募民屯田，當年即大見成效，得谷百萬斛。Then the system was spread all over the country which effectively settled the problem of food supply of the army. Meanwhile, Cao Cao implemented other policies such as subsiding small owner-peasant, transferring people to farm on the deserted farmland in war zones, developing the irrigating system and recovering the growing of agriculture.
於是曹操命令在各州郡設置田官，興辦屯田。屯田有效地解決了曹操軍隊的糧食問題，在興置屯田的同時，他採取各種措施，扶植自耕農經濟。針對當時人口流失，田地荒蕪的情況，曹操先後採取招懷流民、遷徙人口、興修水利、恢復農業生產等措施。All these practices enhanced the agricultural development and enriched the national reserve.
通過以上措施，曹操統治區的農業生產迅速恢復。這是其在經濟上的一大成功。Since the year 198, after taking protection and control of Emperor Xian, Cao Cao started his plan of crushing other warlords and united the northern part of China.
從建安二年起，曹操利用他“挾天子以令諸侯”的政治優勢，東征西討，開始了他翦滅羣雄，統一北方的戰爭。In the summer of 200, armed with 100 000 skillful land armies and about 10 000 cavalries,Yuan Shao marched south to fight with Cao Cao killed Yuan Shao ’s two fierce warriors Yan Liang and Wen Chou in succession and stayed in the small city of Guan Du, south of the Yellow River(Zhongmou county, Henan Province) where Yuan Shao and Cao Cao met in a long-drawn campaign.
公元200年夏，袁紹挑選10萬精銳步兵，騎兵萬餘，南下與曹操爭鋒，曹操先後擊殺袁紹勇將顏良、文丑後勒兵官渡（今河南中牟縣）；袁紹兵力遠遠超過曹操, 但交戰一月後袁紹無法取勝。Cao Cao ’ s forces were heavily outnumbered, but they held their defence for more than a month, then a fortunate raid against the enemy ’ s supply lines in Wuchao broke the morale of Yuan Shao, s forces and the chief general Zhang He and Gao Lan surrendered. Cao Cao launched a counterattack, killed ten thousands and captured about 70 000 of the enemies and drove them in disorder to the north. Two years later, Yuan Shao died, his two sons fought against each other over the inheritance，and Cao Cao took advantage of the confusion.
後曹操放火燒掉袁紹屯放於烏巢的軍糧等軍用物資，袁紹大將張郃、高覽投降曹操，袁軍士氣全無，曹操乘機發動大反攻,殺萬餘，俘虜7萬餘。袁軍倉皇北逃，其後袁紹一蹶不振，兩年後，袁紹病死，二子爭位，曹操加以利用。In 207, after a brilliant campaign at Wuwan，Cao Cao cleared off Yuan Shao’ s remaining forces, established control o-ver all the Yellow plain and became the most powerful military lords in north of China.
公元207年,曹操遠征烏丸，出其不意，大勝，平定了北方，一舉成爲北方最強的軍事集團。
