研究：女領導比男領導更易抑鬱

Women are more likely than men to display symptoms of depression when in a position of authority at work, according to US scientists.

美國科學家稱，在高層工作崗位上，女性比男性更易產生抑鬱症狀。

In men, authority, such as the ability to hire and fire people, decreases depressive symptoms, the study said.

研究顯示，對男性來說，僱用或解僱員工的權力會減少抑鬱症狀。

The study, published in the Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, looked at 2,800 middle-aged men and women.

研究刊登於《健康與社會行爲期刊》上，調查了2800名中年男女。

One expert said the study showed the need for more women in authority and more varied female role models.

一位專家表示，這表示需要有更多高職位女性和更多樣化的女性角色。

Scientists at the University of Texas at Austin interviewed 1,300 male and 1,500 female graduates from Wisconsin high schools over the phone in 1993 and 2004, when they were aged about 54 and 64.

德克薩斯大學奧斯汀分校的科學家於1993年和2004年分別通過電話採訪了畢業於威斯康辛州高中的1300名男性與1500名女性，接受採訪時他們分別爲54和64歲。

Flexibility for men

男性的適應性

Researchers asked participants about job authority and about the number of days in the past week they felt depressive symptoms, such as feeling sad and thinking one's life is a failure.

調查人員詢問參與者關於工作職權的問題和過去一週內的抑鬱症狀，如傷感或認爲自己很失敗。

When the job included hiring, firing and influencing pay, women were predicted to have a 9% increased rate of depressive symptoms than women without authority.

當工作內容包含僱用、解僱和決定員工工錢時，女性的抑鬱程度會比沒有這些權力的女性高9%。

Meanwhile, men had a 10% decreased rate of depressive symptoms.

同時，男性則會低10%。

The study said it controlled for other factors that could cause depression, such as hours worked per week, whether people had flexible hours and how often workers were checked by a supervisor.

研究稱，其他因素也會導致抑鬱，如每週工作時間，是否有自由時間和接受上級檢查的頻率。

Scientists also said men were more likely to decide when to start and finish work than women and were less frequently monitored by their advisers.

科學家還表示，男性更易決定何時開始和結束工作，更少受他人影響。

Lead researcher Tetyana Pudrovska said: "These women have more education, higher incomes, more prestigious occupations, and higher levels of job satisfaction and autonomy than women without job authority.

首席研究員泰狄娜稱，相對於地位不高的女性，這些女性受教育水平更高，收入更高，更有名望，有更高的工作滿足程度和自治權。

"Yet they have worse mental health than lower status women."

“然而她們的心理問題比地位低的女性更嚴重。”

Natural female leadership

自然的女性領導權

Ms Pudrovska said female bosses had to deal with interpersonal tension, negative social interactions and stereotypes, prejudice, social isolation, as well as resistance from subordinates, colleagues and superiors.

Pudrovska女士說，作爲女領導不得不處理比男領導更爲緊張的人際關係，這源於下屬、同事和上司的消極社交模式、偏見和社交孤立。

Dr Ruth Sealy at City University in London said women were often "trapped" by the gendered notion of a good leader.

倫敦城市大學的露絲·西利博士表示，女性經常被成爲好領導的性別觀念所困。

When women adopted traditionally masculine behaviours as leaders they were criticised for being unfeminine, yet colleagues would not believe the women were good leaders if they saw only their feminine characteristics, she added.

當女性採用傳統的男性領導方式時，會被批評不女性化，但如果同事只從女領導身上看到女性特點時，又不相信她會是個好領導。

Dr Sealy said: "Because we assume men's 'natural' competence as leaders, women often have had to work much harder to get to those positions, only to find that even when they get there, their 'right' to that status is continuously questioned."

西利博士說：“因爲我們認爲男性天生就有領導能力，女性必須比男性努力得多才能獲得更高的職位，即便如此，她們仍然會被質疑是否適合那些職位。

She said female leadership needed to be made as natural as male leadership.

因此他認爲女性領導需要像男性領導一樣自然。

Dr Gijsbert Stoet at the University of Glasgow said the study was strong from a psychological and social science perspective.

格拉斯哥大學的吉斯波特·斯托耶特博士說，這項研究很明顯地從心理學和社會科學的角度反映了女領導的心理狀況。

He said: "The scientists have used the data from a large longitudinal study and it is very valuable to answer these sorts of questions."

他稱：“科學家們已使用縱向研究中的大量數據進行研究，對於回答這些問題相當有價值。”

Companies should question what they can do to help their workers manage stress, such as providing a staff counsellor, he said.

最後他表示，公司應該爲女性做些什麼幫助她們處理壓力，例如提供員工顧問。