託福閱讀經典加試：化石和岩石

託福閱讀加試分爲經典加試和非經典加試，一般情況下考生遇到的情況都是經典加試，即所加試的題目都是固定的幾篇。這裏小編爲就爲大家整理了託福閱讀經典加試化石和岩石內容分享給大家，希望對大家託福備考有幫助。

託福閱讀經典加試：化石和岩石

關於一個叫 smith 的人，小的時候就喜歡收集石頭,長大後開始研究岩石層，在採石場的工作，他有大量的機會去研究 rock and fossil，後來還提出了一套理論，

現 fossil 更能提供時間的準確信息，後來，他和另一個科學家發現動物的區系可以幫助確認化石的年代，說這些理論至今都還有用後來，有人認爲植物的分科也可以用於化石和岩石的研究。

一道詞彙題 rudimentary=basic .

託福閱讀補充加試：植物defense system

1 生物學： 植物的defense system，以及科學家爲證實 defense system對於 deter animal feeding on them有很大的用處。有一道題是，食草東西雖然吃他們的種子，卻也幫助他們傳播和繁殖。

託福閱讀背景知識之肺部有味覺

Take a deep breath. Taste anything? Actually, your lungs may. Because scientists have discovered that the same receptors that exist on the tongue to taste bitter substances are also found on the smooth muscle of the lungs.

Researchers were studying the receptors on smooth lung muscles that regulate contraction and relaxation of theairways. That’s when they made the discovery—which was so unexpected that the researchers themselves were skeptical.

Finally, they became convinced that the receptors were really there, though not clustered in taste buds as they are on the tongue. The scientists then exposed human and mouse airways to various bitter compounds to gauge the effects.

Many toxic compounds are bitter, so the researchers expected the lung muscle to tense up and contract—to compel the breather to move away from whatever was bitter and perhaps toxic. But, in a second surprise, bitter compounds relaxed and opened airways better than any existing asthma drug. The study is in the journal Nature Medicine. "Bitter taste receptors on airway smooth muscle bronchodilate by localized calcium signaling and reverse obstruction".

Researchers will continue to search for the role of the receptors. Meanwhile, the work represents a surprising new lead in the search for drugs to treat asthma, emphysema or chronic bronchitis.—Cynthia Graber

託福閱讀背景知識之給小費的文化

It's every traveler's nightmare. The porter brings your bags to yourroom and helpfully explains how to access CNN. He shows you how to turn on thelights and adjust the air-conditioner. Then he points to the phone and says:"If there's anything else you need, just call." All this time, you'vebeen thinking one thing: "How much should I tip this guy?" Out ofdesperation you shove a few banknotes into his hand, hoping that you're neithergiven too much or too little.

對於每一位旅行者來說，這都像是一場噩夢。行李員把你的行李搬到房間，向你解釋如何收看CNN，告訴你怎麼開燈，怎麼把空調調好。然後他指着電話說：“如果你還需要什麼，請打電話。”而你卻一直在反覆思考着一件事：“我到底該給這傢伙多少小費?”最終，你近乎絕望地把幾張鈔票塞進他手裏，心中暗暗希望你給的小費不多也不少。

It's difficult to divine what constitutes an appropriate tip in anycountry. In Japan, if you leave a couple of coins on the table, the waiter maychase after you to return your forgotten change. In New York, on the otherhand, if you leave less than 15%, your reservation might not hold up next , with its multiplicity of cultures and customs, is a particularlydifficult terrain. To make your next trip a little easier, here's a guide totipping across the region:

知道在每一個國家該給多少小費並不容易。在日本，如果你在桌上留下幾個硬幣，侍應生會追着還給你留下的零錢。在紐約則恰恰相反。如果你給的小費少於消費額的15%，那麼下次你預定的桌子可能就會被人佔去。由於亞洲各國文化和風俗習慣差異較大，因此在這裏給小費格外困難。爲了讓你下次旅行較爲順利，我們向你提供一些在這一地區給小費的竅門。

Bangkok In general, the more Westernized the place is, the morelikely you'll be expected to leave a gratuity. Some top-end restaurants willadd a 10% service charge to the bill. If not, waiters will appreciate youtacking on the 10% yourself. However, if you're eating at a downscalerestaurant a tip is not necessary. If you're staying at one of Bangkok's manyfive-star establishments, expect to tip the porter 20 to 50 baht, depending onhow many bags you have. Taxis are now metered in Bangkok. Local custom is toround the fare up to the nearest five baht.

曼谷總的說來，一個地方西化的程度越高，你就越有可能需要給小費。有些高級的飯店會在帳單里加收10%的服務費。如果沒有的話，侍者會感激你自己附上那10%。不過，如果你在一家低檔次的餐館就餐，就沒有必要給小費。如果你住在曼谷的某家五星級飯店，就請準備付給搬運工20到50銖，具體的數目得依你的行李多少而定。如今曼谷的出租車都打表計程，當地的慣例是把車費湊整到最近的五銖的倍數。

Hong Kong Gratuity is customary in this money-mad metropolis. Mostrestaurants automatically add a 10% service charge to the bill, but thesurcharge often ends up in the pocket of the owner. If the service is good, addanother 10% to the bill, up to HK$100 in an especially nice restaurant. ForHK$10 hotel porters should do it at all but the nicest hotels where a new HK$20bill may be more acceptable. When in a taxi, round up to the nearest dollar.

香港在這個金錢至上的大都市裏，給小費是司空見慣的。大多餐館自動在帳單里加了10%的服務費，但這筆額外的收入最後卻常常落到僱主手裏。如果服務質量好的話，在帳單裏再加上10%，而在一個極好的飯館裏，小費可以多達100港幣。對於旅館的搬運工來說，港幣10元的小費已足夠，不過在最好的一些飯店，20港幣可能更受歡迎。坐出租車的話，湊夠最近的整數給錢。

Jakarta Tipping is not part of local culture, but internationalinfluences have turned some Westernized palms upward in search of a few extrarupiah. A 10% service charge is added at most high-end restaurants. Atmoderately priced restaurants, 5,000 rupiah should do it. If the service issuperb, tack on an extra 1,000 or so. At hotels, porters ask for a few hundredrupiah for each bag. While most taxi drivers will automatically round up to thenext 500 rupiah.

雅加達給小費原本不是當地文化的一部分，但是國際性的影響使得一些西化的人們盼望多得一些錢。大多數高級飯店裏已附加10%的服務費。在價格中等的飯店，給5,000盧比的小費就已足夠——如果服務極好，也可以再多給大約l,000盧比。在旅館，要讓搬運工搬一件行李就得給幾百盧比。大多數出租車司機會自動把收費加到最近的500盧比的整數。

Kuala Lumpur Like Indonesia, tipping in Malaysia is confined to thepricier Westernized joints, which often add a 10% service charge to your mealor hotel room. If you are at a hotel restaurant, expect a 10% service at local restaurants, there's no need to add a gratuity. At five-starhotels, one or two ringgit will suffice a porter. At lower-end establishments,don't feel compelled to tip. Like Bangkok, many taxis are now metered, so youcan just round up to the nearest ringgit.

吉隆坡像在印度尼西亞—樣，在馬來西亞給小費也僅限於那些價格較高的西式場所。在那裏，一般在就餐或旅館房間的費用之外附加10%的服務費。如果你在飯店的餐廳就餐，也得準備給10%的服務費。但在當地的飯館裏，卻沒有必要附加小費。在五星級飯店，給搬運工一兩個林吉特就足夠了。在低檔次的飯店，不一定非給小費不可。像曼谷一樣，許多出租車都計程，所以只要湊足最近的整數就行。

Manila Tipping is common in Manila, and anything above 10% will gainyou undying loyalty. At restaurants, even if a service charge is included,custom dictates adding another 5%-10% to the bill. Hotel porters should berewarded with 20 pesos per bag. Most taxicabs are metered, and rounding up tothe next five pesos is a good rule of thumb.

馬尼拉在馬尼拉給小費是很平常的事。只要付10%以上的服務費就能換宋忠心耿耿的服務。在餐館裏，即使就餐費用裏已經包括服務費，按一般慣例，還得在帳單裏再加上5%到10%。旅館的搬運工每搬一件行李要給20個比索。大多數的出租車是打表計程的，把車費湊整到最近的五比索準保沒錯。

Seoul Tipping is not part of Korean culture, although it has becomea matter of course in international hotels where a 10% service charge is oftenadded. If you are at a Korean barbecue joint, there's no need to add anythingextra. But a sleek Italian restaurant may require a 10% contribution. If youare at a top-end hotel, international standards apply, so expect to pay500-1,000 won per bag. Taxi drivers don't expect a tip. Keep the change foryourself.

漢城給小費不是韓國文化的一部分，儘管在國際飯店裏收取10%的服務費似乎是理所當然的一件事。如果你去一個吃韓國燒烤的地方，那麼沒有必要付額外的費用。但是在一個雅緻的意大利餐館就餐，可能就要多付10%的小費。如果你下榻的是最高級飯店，就要按國際規範行事。所以搬一件行李的小費大概是500到1,000韓元。不用給出租車司機小費，找的零錢你自己留着好了。

Singapore According to government mandate in the Lion City, tippingis not permitted. It's basically outlawed at Changi Airport and officialsencourage tourists not to add to the 10% service charge that many high-endhotels tack on to the bill. At restaurants, Singaporeans tend not to leavetips. Nicer restaurants do sometimes levy a 10% service charge. Hotel staff isthe one exception to the no-tipping rule. As a general guide, SSI should beadequate for baggage-lugging service. Taxi drivers don't expect gratuity, butthey won't refuse it.

新加坡根據獅城政府的規定，給小費是不允許的。在樟宜國際機場，這種行爲基本上是違法的。官員們鼓勵遊客拒絕支付一些高級飯店附加在帳單上的 10%的服務費。在飯館就餐時，新加坡人一般都不留小費。一些好的飯館有時也以徵稅的形式收取10%的服務費。飯店員工是不收小費原則的唯一例外。一般的準則是，如有人幫你搬運行李，給一新元就夠了。出租車司機是不指望拿小費的，但你要給他們，他們也不會拒絕。

Taipei Like Japan and China, Taiwan is not a tipping society-eventhough much of the currency seems to come in coin form. Tipping is not expectedin restaurants. However, that rule is changing as American-style eateriesintroduce Western ways. Hotel staff won't be overly offended if you don't uity is not expected in taxicabs.

臺北就像日本和中國大陸一樣，臺灣不是一個給小費的社會——儘管大量貨幣是以硬幣的形式出現。飯館裏不用給小費。不過，隨着一些美式餐館引進西方做法，這一原則也在改變。飯店的員工如果沒有得到你的小費的話，也不會覺得大受冒犯。坐出租車也不需要給小費。

託福閱讀材料之GOOGLE的發展歷程

Growth

While the primary business interest is in the web content arena, Google has begun experimenting with other markets, such as radio and print publications. On 17 January 2006, Google announced the purchase of a radio advertising company "dMarc", which provides an automated system that allows companies to advertise on the will allow Google to combine two niche advertising media—the Internet and radio—with Google's ability to laser-focus on the tastes of consumers. Google has also begun an experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in offline newspapers and magazines, with select advertisements in the Chicago have been filling unsold space in the newspaper that would have normally been used for in-house advertisements.

Acquisitions

Since 2001, Google has acquired several companies, mainly focusing on small start-ups.

In 2004, Google acquired a company called Keyhole, Inc.,which developed a product called Earth Viewer, renamed in 2005 to Google Earth.

In February 2006, software company Adaptive Path sold Measure Map, a weblog statistics application, to Google. Registration to the service has since been temporarily disabled. The last update regarding the future of Measure Map was made on 6 April 2006 and outlined many of the known issues of the service.

In late 2006, Google bought the online video site YouTube for $1.65 billion in tly after, on 31 October 2006, Google announced that it had also acquired JotSpot, a developer of wiki technology for collaborative Web sites.

On 13 April 2007, Google reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick. Google agreed to buy the company for $3.1 billion.

On 2 July 2007, Google purchased GrandCentral. Google agreed to buy the company for $50 million.

On 9 July 2007, Google announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire enterprise messaging security and compliance company Postini.

On August 5 2009, Google announced the purchase of video software maker On2 Technologies for $106.5 million - its first acquisition of a public company.

On 24 November 2009, Google announced the purchase of Teracent, a California based start up company, for an undisclosed price. This is another acquisition on Google's behalf in a series of advertising related purchases- AdMob, Double Click.