現如今被女性統治的五大職業
Ideally, gender wouldn't affect the jobs people train for and get, or how they are compensated. But we're certainly not there yet. At the same time, certain American jobs have shifted from majority male to majority female over the past few decades. Here are five professions that, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, women rule.
在理想狀態下，性別不應該影響人們爲之接受培訓之後而得到的工作，或者影響人們的報酬。但我們現在還遠遠沒有達到這樣的理想狀態。與此同時，在過去幾十年間的美國，個別職業從男性佔多數變成了女性佔統治地位。以下是美國勞工統計局（Bureau of Labor Statistics）公佈的五種由女性統治的職業。Pharmacists
藥劑師The first North American pharmacy school, The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, was founded in 1821. The first woman didn't graduate from the school until 1883, when Susan Hayhurst received her degree. Later on, she led the pharmaceutical department of the Women's Hospital of Philadelphia. Every class following Hayhurst graduated at least one woman.
美國第一所藥劑學院——費城藥劑學院（The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy）成立於1821年。直到1883年，纔有第一位女性從這所學院畢業並獲得學位，她就是蘇珊?海赫斯特。後來，她成爲費城女子醫院（Women's Hospital of Philadelphia）藥學部的負責人。她之後的每個班級，都有至少一名女性成功畢業。
The pharmacy student population skewed male for quite some time. As recently as 1983, only 27% of pharmacists were women, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. But over the past 30 years or so, the gender breakdown has shifted. As of fall 2011, 60% of students enrolled in pharmacy professional degree programs were women, according to the American Association of colleges of Pharmacy. In 2012, women made up 54% of practicing pharmacists nationwide.
藥劑學學生一直以男性居多。據美國勞工統計局統計，1983年，女性藥劑師的比例僅佔27%。但在過去三十年，這個行業的性別比例卻發生了翻天覆地的變化。據美國藥劑學院協會（American Association of colleges of Pharmacy）公佈的數字，至2011年秋，報名攻讀藥劑師專業學位的學生中，60%爲女性。2012年，女性佔美國執業藥劑師的比例已經高達54%。Accountants
會計師In 1896, New York issued the first official qualification test for certified public accountants. Three years later, Christine Ross, who was born in Nova Scotia, became the first certified female accountant in the United States. For years after Ross gained her certificate, it was tough for women to enter the field.
1896年，紐約舉辦了第一次註冊會計師正式資格考試。三年後，出生於加拿大新斯科舍省的克里斯汀?羅斯成爲美國第一位女性註冊會計師。然而，羅斯獲得認證之後的許多年裏，其他女性想要進入這個領域仍然面臨重重困難。As of 1983, women began to gain ground in the profession, making up 39% of accountants in the U.S. workforce, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. By 2012, 60% of accountants were women. That's not to say that all hurdles have been removed -- as of 2011, only 21% of partners at accounting firms were women, according to a 2012 report from Catalyst.
據美國勞工統計局統計，從1983年起，女性開始在會計師這個行業中佔據了一席之地，人數佔到美國會計師總數的39%。截至2012年，60%的會計師爲女性。當然，這並不意味着女性面臨的障礙已經不復存在——據非營利研究機構Catalyst在2012年公佈的報告顯示，2011年，會計師事務所的合夥人中僅有21%爲女性。Physician assistants
醫師助理Duke University's Eugene Stead launched the first physician assistant's program in 1965 to address two problems. On the one hand, there was a shortage of primary care physicians across the country. On the other, men were leaving the military with medical training and no clear way to apply it to civilian life. In 1975, an independent organization called the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants was founded to oversee certification for the profession.
杜克大學（Duke University）的尤金在1965年啓動了第一個醫師助理項目。項目主要爲了解決兩個問題：一方面，美國的初級保健醫生人才短缺；另一方面，接受過醫療培訓的士兵在退役之後卻沒有明確的途徑能把他們掌握的技能應用於平民生活。1975年，一家名爲美國醫師助理認證委員會（National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants）的獨立機構成立，對這個職業的認證進行監督。In the '60s and '70s, most PA's were men, but the ratio has shifted. In 1983, the Bureau of Labor Statistics data says that about 35% of physician assistants in the country were women. Today, roughly 70% of PA's are women. Part of that might have to do with the fact that it is more lucrative, on average, for women to become PA's than doctors. A 2012 Yale study suggested that female PA's might end up earning more than women doctors, given the cost of education and the wage gap between male and female physicians.
上世紀60年代和70年代，大多數醫師助理都是男性，但性別比例一直在不斷變化。1983年，美國勞工統計局的數據顯示，美國約35%的醫師助理爲女性。目前，女性醫師助理的比例約爲70%。出現這種現象的原因很大程度上可能是因爲，女性成爲醫師助理比成爲醫生在經濟上更加合算。2012年，耶魯大學（Yale）一項研究顯示，考慮到教育成本，以及男性與女性醫師之間的工資差距，女性醫師助理的收入可能要高於女性醫生。Photographers
攝影師Dorothea Lange, Annie Leibovitz, and Cindy Sherman are household names to the art-friendly. But while women have trained as great photographers since the turn of the 20th century, photography has been a predominately male profession. In 1983, only 20% of photographers were women.
多蘿西亞?蘭格、安妮?萊博維茨和辛迪?雪曼都是藝術愛好者中間家喻戶曉的名字。然而，雖然在本世紀初有過女性成爲偉大的攝影師，但攝影行業一直都是男性佔主導。1983年，女性攝影師僅佔到20%。Today, the gender balance in the job is about 50/50, according to a 2012 Bureau of Labor Statistics report. That 50/50 split does not extend to pay, though. According to a report released in 2008 by the National Endowment for the Arts, the median income for male photographers, as of 2005, was $35,000. The median income for female photographers was less than half as much, $16,300.
如今，據2012年勞工統計局的報告顯示，攝影師職業已經達到性別平衡。然而，數量上的平衡並沒有帶動薪酬的變化。據美國國家藝術基金（National Endowment for the Arts）2008年公佈的一份報告顯示，截至2005年，男性攝影師的平均收入爲35,000美元。而女性攝影師的收入則還不足男性的一半，僅有16,300美元。Bartenders
調酒師Bartending was among the many professions that women took on when men were drafted to fight in World War II. Upon returning home, however, soldiers wanted their old jobs back, and they successfully lobbied for laws in several states that banned women from tending bar. In fact, California's law prohibiting female bartenders was only repealed in 1971. As of 1983, almost half of all bartenders were female, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
二戰期間，男人要上戰場打仗，於是女性開始進入許多行業。調酒師便是其中之一。但當士兵們凱旋歸來之後，他們又希望重操舊業，還成功說服個別州制定法律，禁止女性在酒吧從業。事實上，1971年，加州禁止女性調酒師的法律就已經被廢除。據勞工統計局統計，截至1983年，約一半調酒師爲女性。Today, while the restaurant industry is male-dominated, there are more female barkeeps than men, nationwide. About 60% of American bartenders are women, according to a 2012 Bureau of Labor Statistics report. The trade, overall, is becoming increasingly technical, thanks to the rise of the cocktail and the modern mixology movement.
目前，雖然酒店業仍然以男性爲主，但全美酒吧招待中女性的數量卻要多於男性。勞工統計局2012年的報告稱，約60%的美國調酒師是女性。而隨着雞尾酒的出現和現代調酒運動的發展，調酒師這個職業的技術含量也越來越高。
