調查顯示對性別差異的刻板印象猶存大綱

Men are tough; women are in touch with their feelings. Men are providers; women are nurturers. Men should punch back when provoked; women should be physically attractive.

男人是強硬的；女人瞭解自己的感情。男人負責掙錢養家；女人負責照顧孩子。男人被激怒時應該回擊；女人應該有迷人的外貌。

These stereotypical beliefs about gender differences remain strong, found a new survey from the Pew Research Center on Tuesday. Even in an era of transgender rights, a surge of women running for office and a rising number of stay-at-home fathers, most Americans believe men and women are fundamentally different, and that masculinity is more valued than femininity.

皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)週二公佈的一項最新調查顯示，這些對性別差異的刻板印象依然很強烈。即使在這個爭取跨性別者權利、競選公職的女性急劇增多、全職奶爸越來越多的年代，大多數美國人依然認爲，男人和女人在本質上是不同的，而且男子氣概比女子氣質更有價值。

The workplace is the one area in which a majority of men and women said the sexes were more alike than different in terms of what they were good at: 63 percent of respondents said men and women excelled at the same things at work, while 37 percent said they were good at different things.

在工作場所，大多數男性和女性都表示，從擅長的工作角度講，兩性的相似之處多於差異：63%的受訪者表示，男性和女性在工作中擅長的事情是一樣的；只有37%的受訪者認爲，男性和女性擅長不同的事情。

The survey results also shed light on some root causes of sexual harassment and discrimination. Nearly half of men, and 57 percent of men ages 18 to 36, said they felt pressure to join in when other men talked about women in a sexual way.

調查結果還揭示了性騷擾和性別歧視的部分根源。將近半數的男性——以及57%的18至36歲男性——表示，當其他男性在從性的方面談論女性時，他們會感到有壓力，覺得自己也需加入其中。

Sexism was described as widespread, and baked in from a young age. The belief that society placed a higher premium on masculinity than femininity was reflected in views of how to raise children: Respondents more often approved of teaching girls that it was acceptable to be like boys than the other way around.

人們認爲性別歧視十分普遍，並且自幼形成。社會高度重視男性而非女性的看法，反映在了人們養育孩子的觀點之中：受訪者往往更支持去告訴女孩，她們可以像男孩子，但反過來就沒那麼支持了。

Three-quarters of people said it was important for parents of girls to encourage them to participate in the same activities as boys and to develop skills considered masculine. But a smaller majority — just under two-thirds of respondents — thought parents of boys should encourage them to do girls’ activities or develop skills considered feminine.

四分之三的人表示，女孩的父母鼓勵孩子參加和男孩子一樣的活動、學習有男子氣的技能非常重要。認爲男孩的父母應該鼓勵他們參加女孩子的活動、學習一些女性化技能的受訪者，雖佔多數但要比前者少——略低於三分之二。

A large majority of women thought parents should break gender norms when raising either girls or boys, but men’s opinions changed depending on the sex of the child. Seventy-two percent thought parents should break gender norms for girls, and 56 percent for boys. Two-thirds of Republicans thought parents of girls should break gender norms, but less than half thought parents of boys should.

大部分的女性認爲，父母在養育孩子時，不論男女，都應該打破性別規範。但男性的意見則根據孩子的性別有所不同。72%的男性認爲父母在養育女孩時應該打破性別規範，而只有56%的人認爲在養育男孩時也應如此。三分之二的共和黨人認爲女孩的父母應該打破性別規範，但認爲男孩父母也要這麼做的人卻只有一半不到。

In questions about life outside the workplace, most respondents said men and women were different in how they expressed their feelings and in their physical abilities, hobbies and parenting styles, according to the survey, which was nationally representative. Pew surveyed 4,573 adults in August and September using its American Trends Panel. (See how your views compare by taking Pew’s quiz on the topic.)

在這份具有全國代表性的調查中，大多數的受訪者在回答有關工作以外的生活的問題時，會表示男女在表達情感以及在身體能力、愛好、育兒方式上都有不同。在8月和9月間，皮尤美國趨勢小組(American Trends Panel)對4573名成年人進行了調查。

There was a partisan divide about whether these gender differences were the result of biology (and thus unlikely to change) or societal norms. More than half of Republicans said biology determined differences in how men and women parented, expressed feelings or spent their free time. About two-thirds of Democrats described society as the primary driver of these differences.

關於這些性別差異是否源自生理因素（並且因此難以改變）還是社會規範，還曾有過黨派分歧。過半的共和黨人認爲，生理因素決定了男女兩性在育兒方式、情感表達、閒暇活動上的差別；而三分之二的民主黨人將社會因素看做這些差異的主要驅動力。

Women were also likelier than men to attribute gender differences to nurture, not nature.

女性還比男性更可能將性別差異歸咎於培養教育，而非天性。

For instance, 87 percent of survey respondents said men and women expressed feelings differently. But two-thirds of women said this was based on societal expectations, while more than half of men thought it was because of biological differences. This was the gender difference that the largest share of respondents of both sex — about a quarter — thought was a bad thing.

比如說，在迴應問卷的人中，有87%的人表示男女在情感表達上有差別。三分之二的女性認爲這是基於社會期望，而超過半數的男性認爲這是由於生理差異。受訪者中認爲這方面的性別差異是壞事的人佔比最高——約四分之一。

In terms of gender differences in parenting styles and approaches, 60 percent of women said they were societal, while a similar share of men said they were biological. This was the gender difference that the largest share of respondents — just over half — thought was a good thing.

關於育兒的方式方法上的性別差異，60%的女性認爲這是社會因素，而相似比例的男性認爲這是生理原因。受訪者中認爲這個差異是好事的人佔比最高——剛剛過半。

Being a woman, according to respondents, meant pressure to be physically attractive and to be an involved parent.

在受訪者看來，作爲女人，就意味着要外形好看，還要做一個盡心的母親。

Being a man meant facing pressure to support a family financially and to be professionally successful, emotionally strong and interested in sports. To a lesser extent, it also meant being willing to throw a punch if provoked. Nearly half of men, and more than half of millennial men, said it also meant facing pressure to have many sexual partners and to join in when other men talked about women in sexual ways.

作爲男人，意味着要面對養家餬口的壓力，要做到職業成功、感情堅毅，還要對運動感興趣。或許也可能意味着一被挑釁就想去打架。將近一半的男性以及超過半數千禧一代的男性表示，壓力迫使他們需要去擁有許多的性伴侶，或者當其他男人在從性的方面談論女性時，他們感到有必要加入。

Democrats were more likely than Republicans to say that society looks up to masculine men — but Democrats were also much more likely to say that society’s esteem for masculinity is a bad thing.

民主黨人比共和黨人更有可能說出“社會推崇陽剛的男性”這樣的話——但民主黨人也更可能說社會推崇陽剛之氣是一件壞事。

Despite the deep-seated beliefs about gender differences, there were some signs in the survey responses that attitudes about gender roles were becoming less rigid, particularly among women and Democrats, who were more likely to say that society should be more accepting of nontraditional gender roles.

儘管性別差異的觀念根深蒂固，調查反饋中也有跡象表明，人們對性別角色的態度正在慢慢軟化，尤其是在女性和民主黨人中，他們更有可能表示社會應更接納非傳統性別角色。

When survey respondents thought about the next generation, there were certain qualities associated with one gender — like taking on leadership for boys and expressing emotions for girls — that most thought should be encouraged more equally.

當受訪者在考慮下一代時，大多數人認爲應鼓勵某個性別的某些特質的培養——比如男性要去擔起領導工作、女性允許有情感流露——更加平等。

More than half of respondents said there should be more emphasis for boys to talk about their emotions when they are upset and to do well in school. As for girls, more than half of respondents said there should be more emphasis on being leaders and on standing up for themselves. In playground games, at least, we might see more girls leading the teams, and more boys explaining how winning or losing makes them feel.

超過半數的受訪者表示，應該更重視男孩在難過時如何抒發感情，以及如何在學校表現優秀。超過半數的受訪者表示，對女孩來說，應該更重視培養領導力，並學會去維護自己。這樣，至少在操場上玩遊戲時，我們還有可能看到女孩成爲隊長，而有更多的男孩能說說獲勝或失敗讓他們有何感受。