內部曝光 俄羅斯體壇的興奮劑舉國體制
LOS ANGELES — Dozens of Russian athletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, including at least 15 medal winners, were part of a state-run doping program, meticulously planned for years to ensure dominance at the Games, according to the director of the country’s antidoping laboratory at the time.
洛杉磯——數十名參加2014年索契冬奧會(Winter Olympics)的俄羅斯運動員，包括至少15名獎牌獲得者，都曾被納入由俄羅斯政府展開的興奮劑計劃，該計劃是多年精心策劃的產物，旨在確保本國運動員在賽場上勝出，俄羅斯當時的反興奮劑實驗室主任如是說。
The director, Grigory Rodchenkov, who ran the laboratory that handled testing for thousands of Olympians, said he developed a three-drug cocktail of banned substances that he mixed with liquor and provided to dozens of Russian athletes, helping to facilitate one of the most elaborate — and successful — doping ploys in sports history.
此人名叫格里戈裏·羅琴科夫(Grigory Rodchenkov)，他當時掌管的實驗室曾負責數以千計的奧林匹克運動員的興奮劑測試事宜。他說自己研究出一種包含三種違禁物質和烈酒的雞尾酒，並將其提供給數十名俄羅斯運動員，幫助促成了一項複雜和成功程度在體育史上居於前列的興奮劑計劃。
It involved some of Russia’s biggest stars of the games, including 14 members of its cross-country ski team and two veteran bobsledders who won two golds.
該計劃牽涉到俄羅斯的一些最大牌的體育競技明星，包括越野滑雪隊的14名成員，以及得了兩枚金牌的兩名雪車老將。
In a dark-of-night operation, Russian antidoping experts and members of the intelligence services surreptitiously replaced urine samples tainted by performance-enhancing drugs with clean urine collected months earlier, somehow breaking into the supposedly tamper-proof bottles that are the standard at international competitions, Rodchenkov said. For hours each night, they worked in a shadow laboratory lit by a single lamp, passing bottles of urine through a hand-size hole in the wall, to be ready for testing the next day, he said.
羅琴科夫說，經過祕密操作，俄羅斯反興奮劑專家和情報機構人員偷偷地把含有改善運動員表現的藥物成分的尿樣，換成了幾個月前採集的沒有問題的尿樣，他們用某種辦法搞定了那些在國際賽事中常用的、據信可以防止掉包的尿檢瓶。每天晚上，他們都要在只點着一盞燈的昏暗實驗室裏忙好幾個小時，通過牆壁上巴掌大的一個小洞傳遞尿檢瓶，以便爲第二天的測試做好準備。
By the end of the games, Rodchenkov estimated, as many as 100 dirty urine samples were expunged.
據羅琴科夫估計，到索契冬奧會結束時，被銷燬的含有違禁成分的尿樣最多達100份。
None of the athletes were caught doping. More important, Russia won the most medals of the games, easily surpassing its main rival, the United States.
相關運動員都通過了興奮劑測試。更重要的是，俄羅斯是這屆冬奧會中獲得獎牌數最多的國家，輕鬆地超越了其主要對手美國。
“People are celebrating Olympic champion winners, but we are sitting crazy and replacing their urine,” Rodchenkov said. “Can you imagine how Olympic sport is organized?”
“人們在慶祝奧運冠軍的誕生，我們卻處於快要發瘋的狀態，忙着調換他們的尿樣，”羅琴科夫說。“你能想象奧運會是這樣辦的嗎？”
After The New York Times asked Russian officials to respond to the claims, Russia’s sports minister, Vitaly Mutko, released a statement to the news media calling the revelations “a continuation of the information attack on Russian sport.”
在《紐約時報》請俄羅斯官員就上述言論置評之後，俄羅斯體育部長維塔利·穆特科(Vitaly Mutko)向媒體發了一份聲明，把這種披露稱爲“針對俄羅斯體育界的信息攻擊的延續”。
Rodchenkov laid out the details of the operation over three days of interviews that were arranged by an American filmmaker, Bryan Fogel, who is working on a documentary that involves Rodchenkov.
羅琴科夫在美國電影製作人布萊恩·福格爾(Bryan Fogel)的安排下接受了爲期三天的採訪，披露了興奮劑計劃的諸多細節。福格爾目前正在拍一部紀錄片，羅琴科夫是拍攝對象之一。
Rodchenkov’s account could not be independently verified, but it was consistent with the broad findings of a report published last year by the World Anti-Doping Agency. He provided The Times with emails detailing doping efforts and a spreadsheet that he said was sent to him by the sports ministry before the Sochi Games. It named the athletes involved in the doping program.
羅琴科夫的說法未能得到獨立驗證，但它和世界反興奮劑機構(World Anti-Doping Agency，簡稱WADA)去年發佈的 一份報告的主要結論相吻合。他向時報提供了關乎興奮劑計劃細節的郵件，以及據他說是體育部在索契冬奧會開幕前發給他的一份電子表格。表格上列有被納入興奮劑計劃的運動員的名字。
Rodchenkov described his own work at Sochi as a “strong accomplishment,” the apex of a decade-long effort to perfect Russia’s doping strategy at international competitions.
羅琴科夫說他在索契的工作“成果斐然”，俄羅斯爲完善針對國際賽事的興奮劑策略而進行的爲期10年的努力由此達到了巔峯。
“We were fully equipped, knowledgeable, experienced and perfectly prepared for Sochi like never before,” he said. “It was working like a Swiss watch.”
“我們當時有足夠多的知識和經驗，而且爲索契冬奧會做了充足的準備，這是以前從未有過的，”他說。“每一步都像瑞士表一樣精確。”
After Sochi, Rodchenkov was awarded the prestigious Order of Friendship by President Vladimir Putin. Six months ago, however, he had a dramatic change in fortune.
索契冬奧會結束後，羅琴科夫被弗拉基米爾·普京(Vladimir Putin)總統授予了頗具聲望的友誼勳章(Order of Friendship)。然而，六個月後，他的命運發生了戲劇性的轉折。
In November, the World Anti-Doping Agency identified Rodchenkov as the linchpin in what it described as an extensive state-sponsored doping program in Russia, accusing him of extorting money from athletes — the only accusation he denies — as well as covering up positive drug tests and destroying hundreds of urine samples.
去年11月，WADA認定，在其所說的得到俄羅斯政府支持、牽涉廣泛的興奮劑計劃中，羅琴科夫是關鍵角色。WADA指控他向運動員勒索錢財——這是唯一一項遭到羅琴科夫否認的指控——並掩蓋陽性測試結果，銷燬數以百計的尿樣。
After the report came out, Rodchenkov said, Russian officials forced him to resign. Fearing for his safety, he moved to Los Angeles, with the help of Fogel.
相關報告出爐後，羅琴科夫說，俄羅斯官員強迫他辭職。由於擔心自己的安危，他在福格爾的幫助下搬到了洛杉磯。
Back in Russia, two of Rodchenkov’s close colleagues died unexpectedly in February, within weeks of each other; both were former antidoping officials, one who resigned soon after Rodchenkov fled the country.
而在俄羅斯，和羅琴科夫關係密切的兩位同事在連續兩週內意外死亡；兩人都曾是反興奮劑部門的官員，其中一人在羅琴科夫逃到美國後不久辭去了職務。
The November report was primarily focused on track and field, but Rodchenkov described the whole spectrum of Russian sport as tainted by banned substances. Admitting to more than what WADA investigators accused him of, he said it was not hundreds of urine samples that he destroyed but rather several thousand, in last-ditch efforts to mask the extent of the country’s doping.
去年11月的那份報告主要聚焦于田徑賽事。但羅琴科夫指出，整個俄羅斯體育界都存在使用違禁藥品的情況。他承認自己銷燬的尿樣數量比WADA所指控的還要多，不是幾百份，而是幾千份，旨在爲掩蓋該國興奮劑問題的嚴重程度做最後的努力。
Rodchenkov said he received the spreadsheet naming athletes on the doping program on Jan. 21, 2014, two weeks before the games and shortly after he arrived in Sochi to begin work at the Olympic laboratory. It was to be used for reference during competition, Rodchenkov said, and outlined the competition schedule for each athlete. If any of them won a medal, their urine samples had to be substituted.
羅琴科夫說，2014年1月21日，也是就索契冬奧會開幕兩星期之前，他在索契的奧林匹克實驗室開始工作不久之後，收到了那份列出被納入興奮劑計劃的運動員名字的表格。羅琴科夫說，在冬奧會舉辦期間作參考之用的那份表格，對相關運動員的比賽日程做了說明。如果他們中的哪一個人得到了獎牌，就要將其尿樣掉包。
Rodchenkov’s revelations, his first public comments since fleeing, come at a crucial moment for Russia. In November, in the wake of the WADA report, the country was provisionally suspended from international track and field competition; in the coming weeks, leaders of the sport’s global governing body will decide whether to lift a ban ahead of this summer’s Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.
這是羅琴科夫逃離俄羅斯以後首次公開披露相關信息，他選擇的是對俄羅斯而言相當關鍵的時機。去年11月，WADA的報告出爐後，俄羅斯被暫時禁止參加田徑國際賽事；再過幾個星期，田徑運動全球管理機構的領導人將決定是否在今年夏天的里約熱內盧奧運會開幕前解除禁令。
Responding to the cascade of accusations, Putin called for an inquiry, but Russian officials have been largely dismissive of claims about widespread doping by the country’s athletes.
作爲對這一連串指控的迴應，普京要求啓動調查，但俄羅斯官員基本對該國運動員被控廣泛使用興奮劑一事不屑一顧。
The Times submitted questions about the revelations to the sports ministry and six of its sports federations whose athletes were identified as part of the doping program. Instead of responding directly, Mutko, the minister, organized a news conference with journalists from the state-run news agency TASS, calling the Times inquiry baseless and suggesting it was part of an attempt to discredit Russian sports ahead of the Rio Games.
時報就羅琴科夫披露的信息擬定了問題清單，並提交給俄羅斯體育部及其下屬的六個體育協會——受這些協會管理的運動員被指認參加了興奮劑計劃。穆特科部長並未直接作出迴應，而是組織召開了面向國有新聞通訊社塔斯社(TASS)記者的新聞發佈會。他說時報的質問毫無根據，並暗示這是里約奧運會開幕前又一抹黑俄羅斯體育界之舉。
“The system of organization of the Olympic Games was completely transparent,” Mutko told TASS. “Everything was under the control of international experts — from the collection of samples to their analysis.” Rodchenkov said the sports ministry actively guided the doping effort. In the six months before the games, he said, he met with Mutko’s deputy, Yuri Nagornykh, in a second-floor office at the ministry’s palatial Moscow headquarters at least once a week.
“索契冬奧會的組織系統是完全透明的，”穆特科告訴塔斯社。“一切都在國際專家的控制之下——從樣本的採集到分析。”羅琴科夫則表示，體育部是興奮劑計劃的積極引導者。他說在冬奧會召開前的六個月時間裏，他每週至少和穆特科的副手尤里·納格尤科(Yuri Nagornykh)碰一次面，地點爲體育部富麗堂皇的莫斯科總部大樓二樓的一間辦公室。
In an email, Nagornykh denied the existence of a doping program. “I have nothing to hide,” he wrote.
在一封郵件中，納格尤科否認存在興奮劑計劃。“我沒有什麼可隱藏的，”他寫道。
