俄羅斯體壇禁藥計劃的漫長曆史
RIO DE JANEIRO — Late in 1983, months before they announced a boycott of the Los Angeles Olympics, sports officials of the Soviet Union sent detailed instructions to the head of the nation’s track and field team.
里約熱內盧——1983年末，蘇聯體育官員在宣佈抵制洛杉磯奧運會數月前，給本國田徑隊的負責人下達了詳細的指令。
Oral steroid tablets were not enough, they said, to ensure dominance at the 1984 Summer Games. The team should also inject its top athletes with three other kinds of anabolic steroids.
他們說，爲了確保在1984年的夏季奧運會賽場上勝出，光是口服類固醇片還不夠。田徑隊還應該給隊內的頂尖運動員注射另外三種合成類固醇。
Providing precise measurements and timetables for the doping regimens, the officials said they had a sufficient supply of the banned substances on hand at the Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sports in Moscow, a division of the government’s sports committee.
這些官員就興奮劑使用方案給出了具體劑量和時間表，他們表示，在莫斯科的體育研究所備有數量充足的違禁物質。該研究所是政府下屬體育委員會的分支機構。
The potent drugs were critical to keeping up with the competition, they wrote in the instructions.
這些藥力強大的藥物是保持競爭力的關鍵，他們在指令中寫道。
The document — obtained by The New York Times from a former chief medical doctor for Soviet track and field — was signed by Dr. Sergei Portugalov, a Soviet sports doctor who went on to capitalize on a growing interest in new methods of doping.
《紐約時報》從原蘇聯田徑隊一名醫療主管手中拿到的這份文件上，有謝爾蓋•波爾圖加洛夫(Sergei Portugalov)醫生的簽名。波爾圖加洛夫是蘇聯的運動醫生，隨着人們對興奮劑的新型使用方法越來越感興趣，他謀取了很多利益。
Now, more than 30 years later, Portugalov is a central figure in Russia’s current doping scandal. Last fall, the World Anti-Doping Agency named him as a key broker of performance-enhancing drugs in Russia.
在30多年後的今天，波爾圖加洛夫成了俄羅斯當前的興奮劑醜聞的核心人物。去年秋天，世界反興奮劑機構(World Anti-Doping Agency)將其列爲在俄羅斯轉手禁藥的關鍵代理人（這些禁藥有助於提高成績）。
Revelations of the recent schemes compelled the international governing body for track and field to bar Russia’s team, usually a fixture on the medals podium, from the Rio Games.
近期的一些興奮劑計劃接連曝光，促使管理田徑項目的國際機構下達了禁令，禁止通常總能拿到獎牌的俄羅斯田徑隊參加里約奧運會。
The 1983 document and the account of Dr. Grigory Vorobiev, the former chief medical doctor, who spent more than three decades with the Soviet track team, provide new evidence of how far back Russia’s state-sponsored doping stretches.
俄羅斯存在得到政府支持的興奮劑使用計劃，1983年的這份文件，以及曾爲蘇聯田徑隊當了30多年首席隊醫的格里戈裏•沃羅別夫(Grigory Vorobiev)的說法，爲相關計劃的歷史之久遠提供了新的證明。
Vorobiev’s career in Russian sports medicine lasted through the 1990s. In deteriorating health, Vorobiev, now 86, left Moscow five years ago for Chicago, where his son and grandchildren live.
沃羅別夫在俄羅斯運動醫學界的職業生涯一直持續到1990年代。由於健康狀況日下，現年86歲的沃羅別夫於五年前離開莫斯科，移居兒孫們所在的芝加哥。
Over two days of interviews in an assisted-living complex there, Vorobiev recounted his career. He spoke at the encouragement of his son, who said he wanted his father’s life documented in light of the recent doping revelations.
在一個可以照顧其起居的養老綜合設施內，沃羅別夫接受了爲期兩天的採訪，回顧了自己的職業生涯。他是在兒子的鼓勵下開口的。後者說，有鑑於近來對興奮劑醜聞的揭露，想讓父親的人生能被記錄下來。
Vorobiev was one of the Soviet Union’s first full-time sports doctors. He specialized in improving coordination, strength and flexibility among elite athletes, with expertise in foot injuries.
沃羅別夫是蘇聯的首批全職運動醫生之一。他專門負責增強頂尖運動員的協調性、力量和柔韌性，擅長治療腳部損傷。
Speaking Russian that was translated by his son, he described a system in which winning at any cost without getting caught was paramount. As a member of the medical commission of track and field’s global governing body, he policed doping at international competitions while knowing that many of Russia’s top athletes were using banned substances.
沃羅別夫讓兒子做翻譯，用俄語描繪了一個以不惜任何代價贏得比賽，且以不被逮到作弊爲首要目標的體系。作爲全球性田徑管理機構下屬醫療委員會的成員，他曾在明知俄羅斯的很多頂尖運動員都正使用違禁物質的情況下，監管國際賽事中的違規使用興奮劑的情況。
Vorobiev said he was not sure whether the doping scheme detailed in the 1983 document was carried out. Regardless, the communication captures the results-oriented mentality of the nation’s sports committee.
沃羅別夫說他不確定1983年的文件所提及的興奮劑計劃是否得到了執行。無論如何，這種交流折射出了蘇聯體育委員會以結果爲導向的思維方式。
Not everyone chose to use illicit substances, he said, defending Soviet sports as not uniformly tainted. But low doses of oral steroids were common among top track athletes, Vorobiev said.
他說並非所有人都會選擇使用非法物質，他還辯稱蘇聯的體育領域並非全都受到了污染。但他表示，口服低劑量的類固醇片在蘇聯頂尖徑賽運動員中頗爲常見。
The anti-doping movement was in its infancy at that time. Still, anabolic steroids had been banned by the International Olympic Committee, and testing for them debuted at the 1976 Games, making the regimen that Soviet officials proposed for Los Angeles unambiguously prohibited.
當時，反興奮劑運動還處於萌芽階段。不過，國際奧委會已經把合成類固醇列爲違禁物質。對它們的檢測始於1976年的奧運會，因此，蘇聯官員就洛杉磯奧運會給出的興奮劑使用方案是被明令禁止的。
The 1983 letter — addressed to Vorobiev’s boss, the head of Soviet track and field — cited competition as a main motivation for adding injections to the “special pharmacological profiles” developed for national athletes after a meeting of the country’s sports committee on Nov. 24, 1983. (The letter was translated independently from the original Russian by The New York Times.)
1983年的那封信寄給了沃羅別夫的上司，蘇聯田徑運動的負責人。信中顯示，之所以把注射藥劑添加到“特殊藥物譜”裏，是因爲競爭激烈。這份名錄是在該國體育委員會於1983年11月24日召開了一次會議之後，專門爲國家隊運動員制定的。（信件是由《紐約時報》從俄文原文獨立翻譯過來的。）
“A range of data,” the letter said, “proves that the main opponents of Soviet athletes will use the aforementioned injection form of anabolic steroids at the upcoming Olympic Games.”
信中稱，“一系列數據表明，在即將到來的奧運會上，蘇聯運動員的主要對手將使用前述注射方式攝入合成類固醇。”
The letter — signed and archived by Portugalov, and bearing the signature of a colleague at the Institute for Physical Culture, Roshen D. Seyfulla — said top athletes with chances of winning medals were prime candidates for injections.
波爾圖加洛夫在信上籤了名並將信件存檔，信上還有體育研究所的一名同事羅申•D•塞伊富拉(Roshen D. Seyfulla)的簽名。信中稱，有希望贏得獎牌的運動員是接受注射的主要人選。
Drawn into the plot, according to the document, was the Soviet anti-doping lab, which the officials — mindful of Olympic drug-testing — had recruited to determine how long the steroids in question would linger in the system.
該文件顯示，蘇聯反興奮劑實驗室也捲入了這場陰謀。考慮到奧運會的藥檢，官員們找到該實驗室，讓其弄清考慮中的這些類固醇會在人體中停留多長時間。
In May 1984, about five months after the document outlining a doping plan was circulated, the Soviet Union withdrew from the Los Angeles Games, citing the “anti-Olympian actions of the U.S. authorities and organizers of the Games” in a statement.
1984年5月，也就是這封概述興奮劑使用計劃的信件被髮出約五個月後，蘇聯宣佈抵制洛杉磯奧運會，並在一份聲明中將原因歸爲“美國當局及奧運會組織者有違背奧林匹克精神的所作所爲”。
But the fixation on beating the competition by using banned substances did not end, Vorobiev said, and Portugalov’s profile continued to rise.
不過，沃羅別夫說，利用違禁物質擊敗競爭對手的執念並未消失，波爾圖加洛夫的事業則繼續蒸蒸日上。
For decades, Portugalov was a little-known figure outside Russia. Inside the country, however, he was a “fairly authoritative and very knowledgeable” figure who was not shy about advertising access to the best performance-enhancing substances, according to Vorobiev.
在數十年時間裏，波爾圖加洛夫在俄羅斯以外默默無聞。但據沃羅別夫所言，在國內，他是一個“頗具權威且極爲博學”的人物，從不以推薦運動員使用有助於提高成績的最佳藥物爲恥。
Vorobiev said that his own philosophy on developing elite athletes was not aligned with that of Portugalov’s, and that he preserved the document over several decades because he considered it proof of how Portugalov was masterminding the Soviet sports-science program.
沃羅別夫表示，在培養頂尖運動員的理念方面，他與波爾圖加洛夫存在分歧，他說自己之所以把這份文件保存了好幾十年，是因爲覺得它能證明波爾圖加洛夫如何策劃了蘇聯的體育科學計劃。
Portugalov came to global prominence in 2014 when two Russian whistle-blowers identified him as a linchpin distributor in Russia’s state-run doping scheme. In the wake of a damning report published by the World Anti-Doping Agency last fall, Portugalov was suspended from Russian track and field and from his post at Russia’s sports research institute.
2014年，波爾圖加洛夫在國際上出了名。當時，兩名俄羅斯運動員指認稱，在該國政府主持的興奮劑使用計劃中，他是關鍵的分配者。世界反興奮劑機構於去年秋天發佈了一份措辭嚴厲的調查報告，波爾圖加洛夫隨後被暫時逐出了俄羅斯田徑領域，丟掉了他在該國體育研究所的職位。
Portugalov could not be reached directly by The New York Times. A spokesman for WADA said the Russian Ministry of Sport had told the agency that Portugalov no longer worked for the government.
《紐約時報》無法直接聯繫到波爾圖加洛夫。世界反興奮劑機構的發言人稱，俄羅斯體育部告訴該機構，波爾圖加洛夫不再爲政府工作了。
Investigations into his work, meanwhile, are continuing; last month, the global governing body for swimming appointed a lawyer to look into claims that Portugalov provided drugs to Russian swimmers.
與此同時，針對其工作的調查還在繼續；上個月，管理游泳項目的全球性機構指派了一名律師，就波爾圖加洛夫被控給俄羅斯游泳運動員提供禁藥一事展開調查。
Richard Pound, former president of the anti-doping agency who led last year’s investigation, called the 1983 document an unsurprising indication of the long history of Russia’s doping program.
引領去年那場調查的，是反興奮劑機構前主席理查德•龐德(Richard Pound)，他認爲，從1983年的這份不足爲奇的文件中，可以管窺俄羅斯執行興奮劑計劃的漫長曆史。
“It shows the foundation on which a lot of this has been built,” he said. “The system we encountered is not new. It’s a continuation of the Soviet days.”
“它表明了許多這類事情的根源所在，”他說。“我們面對的這個體系並不新鮮。它是蘇聯時代的一種延續。”
