美國擬定多套軍事方案部署東亞 遏阻中國

The U.S. military has prepared options for a muscular response to any future Chinese provocations in the South and East China seas, ranging from displays of B-2 bomber flights near China to aircraft-carrier exercises near its coastal waters, officials said.

美國官員稱，美國軍方準備了多種方案，將強有力地應對中國未來在南中國海（中國稱南海）和東中國海（中國稱東海）的任何挑釁行動。這些方案包括向靠近中國的地方派遣B-2轟炸機，以及在接近中國沿海水域的範圍舉行航母演習。

The menu of options, described by officials briefed on the action plan, reflects concerns that U.S. allies in Asia have questions about the Obama administration's commitments to its security obligations, particularly after Russia's seizure of the Crimean peninsula.

瞭解行動計劃的官員描述的這些行動反映出，美國關切亞洲盟友對於奧巴馬政府承諾的安全責任的質疑，尤其是在俄羅斯吞併克里米亞半島之後。

The security question has closely followed President Barack Obama in recent days during his four-country Asian trip.

美國總統奧巴馬(Barack Obama)近日訪問亞洲四國，安全問題是他此行的一個重要議題。

Washington's closest allies in Asia have told American counterparts that Crimea is seen as a possible litmus test of what Washington will do if China attempted a similar power grab in the South China and East China seas, according to current and former U.S. officials.

據現任和前任美國官員透露，華盛頓在亞洲關係最密切的盟友告訴美方，克里米亞被認爲是檢驗華盛頓與亞洲盟友關係的試金石，顯示出如果中國試圖以同樣的方式強行奪取南中國海和東中國海爭議區域，華盛頓會作何反應。

'They're concerned. But it's not only about Crimea. It's a crescendo that's been building,' a senior U.S. defense official said, citing skepticism in Asia that Washington is prepared to back up its word and carry through on its renewed strategic focus on Asia.

一位美國高級國防官員說，他們十分關注，但不僅是針對克里米亞，這是不斷積累的形勢。他說，亞洲各國懷疑華盛頓是否準備證明自己的話，貫徹其“重返亞洲”的新戰略。

In the Philippines on Monday, the president was set to sign an agreement allowing for the return of U.S. forces to the country more than two decades after Philippine opposition forced Washington to abandon its military network there.

週一，美國總統將在菲律賓簽署一項協議，允許美軍在二十多年後重返菲律賓。此前，菲律賓反對黨曾迫使美國方面放棄了在菲律賓的軍事基地。

Similarly, Mr. Obama in a visit to Japan stood side-by-side Thursday with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and called the U.S. treaty commitments to Japan's security 'absolute.'

同樣，上週四奧巴馬訪問日本時與日本首相安倍晉三(Shinzo Abe)並排站在了一起，並表示，美國在條約中對日本的安保承諾是“絕對的”。

On each stop in Asia, including South Korea and Malaysia, Mr. Obama's trip was accompanied by concerns over aggression by Moscow and its militant allies in defiance of warnings by the U.S. and other Western powers.

奧巴馬的亞洲之行還包括對韓國和馬來西亞的訪問，其訪問的每一站都伴隨着對莫斯科及其軍事盟友不顧美國和西方國家的警告而入侵烏克蘭的擔憂。

Similar concerns were raised in September by South Korean officials after Mr. Obama abruptly called off plans to bomb Syria in response to the regime's use of chemical weapons against the opposition.

去年9月份，奧巴馬突然取消轟炸敘利亞的計劃後，韓國官員也表達出了類似的擔憂情緒。轟炸敘利亞的計劃原本是針對敘利亞政權向反對派使用化學武器做出的迴應。

The new U.S. options were developed by the Hawaii-based U.S. Pacific Command in recent months, and come after the international crisis last year in which China unilaterally declared an air-defense zone around islands that are the subject of a territorial dispute with Japan.

美國的新方案是美國在夏威夷的太平洋司令部(U.S. Pacific Command)在近幾個月制定的。去年，中國單方面宣佈把中日間存在領土爭端的島嶼劃入防空識別區，此舉引發了國際危機。

Defense officials said the options have been drafted to apply to any provocative act in the region, whether carried out by China or North Korea. Defense officials are currently revising the options in the context of a possible act of aggression by North Korea, with some officials arguing Pyongyang is poised to begin a 'cycle of provocation.'

國防官員說，上述方案適用於該地區的任何挑 行爲，無論這些行爲來自中國還是朝鮮。在朝鮮可能採取侵犯行爲的背景下，國防官員目前正在修改這些方案。一些官員稱，平壤方面可能開始一系列挑 行爲。

The Pacific Command, like other U.S. regional military commands world-wide, regularly drafts military options and contingency plans. The options were recently updated to make them brawnier, defense officials said.

太平洋司令部和美國在全球其他地區的軍事司令部一樣，定期制定軍事方案和應急計劃。美國國防官員們表示，近期更新了這些方案以強化效力。

'Combatant Commands everything from exercises and humanitarian assistance, disaster relief operations all the way up to full-scale combat operations,' said Capt. Chris Sims, the spokesman for Pacific Command. 'In the plans that they create, options are provided to senior military and civilian leadership.'

太平洋司令部發言人錫姆斯(Chris Sims)說，作戰司令部的計劃涵蓋方方面面，從演習和人道救助到救災行動，一直到全面的作戰行動。他表示，在這些計劃中，各種方案都會提交給高層軍事和政府領導層。

In addition to bomber flights and aircraft carrier maneuvers, the options include demonstrations of U.S. power such as increasing surveillance operations near China, and stepping up U.S. naval port visits to allies.

除了派遣轟炸機和航空母艦，美國的行動方案還包括：加強對中國附近地區的監視、增加美國海軍對盟友港口的停靠等，以展示美國的軍事實力。

A senior Obama administration official declined to comment on details of any military options, but said unilateral moves by Beijing--such as the declaration of another air-defense zone in the region--' could result in changes in our military posture and presence' in the region.

奧巴馬政府的一位高級官員不願就任何軍事行動方案的細節置評，但表示，如果中國採取新的單邊行動——例如宣佈在該地區再劃設一塊防空識別區，可能會導致美國在該區域的軍事姿態和軍事存在發生變化。

The military options don't specify particular responses to individual actions. Rather, officials briefed on the options said, the actions would need to be tailored to the specific incident, such as maritime confrontation.

軍事方案沒有具體說明針對單獨行爲作出的特別反應。不過，瞭解行動方案的官員說，具體行動需要針對具體事件（例如海上對抗）量身定製。

Under the U.S. options, any new moves in the region by China to assert its claims unilaterally would be met by an American military challenge intended to get Beijing to back down. U.S. officials said the White House would be prepared to step up military deployments in disputed waters in the South and East China Seas, in a more direct challenge to Chinese claims there than the U.S. has taken in the past.

根據美國的方案，如果中國在該地區採取新的行動來單方面宣示主權，則將會面臨美國的軍事挑戰，旨在迫使北京作出讓步。美國官員說，白宮將做好準備，加強在南中國海（中國稱南海）和東中國海（中國稱東海）爭議水域的軍事部署，對中國在該水域的領土主張發起更直接的挑戰。

The steps can be taken without risking a shooting war, officials say, citing intelligence that suggests there are divisions within the Chinese military establishment about how to respond. U.S. defense officials said some of the options are designed to send a subtle message, like stepped-up port calls by Navy ships or increasing the size and scope of already-planned exercises. All of the contingency plans, said a defense official, are designed to allow a potential adversary a chance to de-escalate.

美國官員說，美國不用冒着與中國開戰的風險就能採取行動，情報顯示中國軍方內部在如何迴應的問題上存在分歧。美國國防部官員說，其中的一些方案旨在傳遞出一個微妙的信號，例如美國海軍艦船增加港口停靠、加大現有軍事演習計劃的規模和範圍等。一位國防部官員說，所有應急計劃都是爲了給潛在對手一個緩和緊張局勢的機會。

'Never push your enemy into a corner because you might get a reaction you don't want,' said a U.S. official, specifying the need for an 'off ramp.'

一位美國官員說，永遠不要把敵人逼到角落，因爲對方可能會做出你不想看到的反應。

China has repeatedly said it would respond to American shows of military might in kind. China has been investing heavily in its military, modernizing its forces and becoming a stronger regional power.

中國一再表示，將對美國可能進行的武力炫耀予以同樣的迴應。中國一直在加大軍備開支，不斷推進軍隊現代化，中國在亞太地區的軍事地位也進一步得到了增強。

The White House authorized U.S. military aircraft flights in a show of force last year during a spike in tensions with North Korea. The U.S. also flew B-52s over disputed islands in the East China Sea when China in November established its Air Defense Identification Zone.

在去年美國與朝鮮的緊張關係出現升級時，白宮授權美國戰機進行了以炫耀武力爲目的飛行演練。去年11月中國劃設防空識別區時，美國也派出B-52轟炸機飛躍了東中國海( East China Sea, 中國稱東海)的有爭議島嶼。

Current and former officials said among the more provocative options on the table to counter China would include expanded U.S. surveillance flights and sending U.S. aircraft carriers through disputed waters close to the Chinese coast, including the strait of Taiwan.

美國的現任和前任官員們表示，還可以採取一些更具挑 性可選對策來對抗中國，其中包括：擴大美國戰機的偵察飛行規模，派遣航母進入中國沿海附近的有爭議水域，其中包括臺灣海峽。

The U.S. Navy regularly sends destroyers and cruisers through the strait of Taiwan in lower-profile freedom-of-navigation operations, but sending a carrier through would mark a significant escalation, officials said.

美國官員們表示，美國海軍定期派遣驅逐艦和巡洋艦進入臺灣海峽，低調展現自由通航權。但如果派遣一艘航母通過臺灣海峽，則標誌着美方應對舉措力度的顯著升級。

Doubts about U.S. resolve haven't been expressed publicly by Asian leaders during the president's trip.

在奧巴馬此次亞洲訪問期間，亞洲國家的領導人並未公開表達對美國應對中國決心的質疑。

Under threat from Russia, Kiev earlier this year appealed to Washington for small arms and ammunition, as well as for nonlethal items like flak jackets and night-vision goggles. Wary of antagonizing Moscow, the White House dragged out internal deliberations for weeks before deciding earlier this month to send helmets, sleeping mats and other nonlethal gear deemed by U.S. officials to be less provocative--but no arms.

面對來自俄羅斯的威脅，烏克蘭政府今年早些時候曾向要求美國提供輕武器、彈藥以及防彈衣和夜視儀等非殺傷性裝備。由於擔心惹惱莫斯科，白宮經過長達數週的內部討論後，於本月早些時候決定向烏克蘭提供頭盔、睡墊和其他美國官員認爲對莫斯科刺激較小的非殺傷性裝備，而不是武器。

U.S. officials say Asian allies who want to know how Washington would respond to future acts of Chinese aggression shouldn't look at what the U.S. is doing to aid Ukraine but instead at Pentagon moves to reassure Eastern European allies and Baltic states since the U.S. is bound by treaty agreements to help defend them.

美國官員稱，想要知道美國政府如何應對未來中國挑釁行動的亞洲盟友不應從美國對烏克蘭的援助上尋找答案，而要看美國是如何採取行動來打消東歐盟友和波羅的海諸國的擔憂的，因爲美國與這些歐洲國家都簽署了防衛條約。

The Pentagon last week said it is sending several hundred troops for exercises in Eastern Europe, and that it would keep a rotational naval presence in the Black Sea. A senior military official said the changes were small but 'proportional to the threat.'

五角大樓上週宣佈將派數百名士兵前往東歐進行軍演，並將在黑海輪駐海軍力量。一位高級軍事官員稱，這些變化雖小，卻足以應對威脅。

As with its North Atlantic Treaty Organization partners in Europe, the U.S. has defense treaties with Japan, South Korea and the Philippines. The U.S., in contrast, has no such agreement to defend Ukraine, U.S. officials have told their Asian counterparts. 'It's comparing apples and oranges,' said a senior military official.

除了與北大西洋公約組織(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)的歐洲成員國簽署防務條約外，美國與日本、韓國和菲律賓也簽署了防衛條約。不過美國官員對亞洲國家官員稱，美國與烏克蘭之間不存在類似的協議。一位高級軍事官員表示，這兩者不能相提並論。

Like Ukraine, nontreaty allies in Asia would get more-limited support from the U.S., officials said.

官員們稱，與烏克蘭一樣，美國對未簽署防衛條約的亞洲盟國的支持也比較有限。

U.S. officials have privately warned their Chinese counterparts in recent exchanges, including a visit to Beijing by Secretary of State John Kerry in February, that the U.S. won't accept moves by China to unilaterally declare another air-defense identification zone or to assert Chinese territorial claims in the South and East China Seas, according to U.S. officials.

美國官員表示，美國近期曾私下警告中國不要再單方面劃設防空識別區、或是對南中國海（中國稱南海）和東中國海（中國稱東海）堅決提出領土要求，美國國務卿克里(John Kerry)在今年2月份訪問北京時也向中國傳達了這一意見。

It was unclear how seriously Beijing takes the warning. In February, following Mr. Kerry's visit to Beijing, Chinese leaders told a visiting American delegation that they didn't take U.S. warnings seriously.

但中國對待這個警告的態度不甚明瞭。2月份，在克里到訪北京後，中國領導人對前來訪問的一個美國代表團表示，他們並不看重美方的警告。

'Unfortunately, I don't think they're convinced by our muscularity,' said a former administration official who took part in the delegation. 'If we think we're ready to pull the trigger but they don't think that we're ready to pull the trigger, that's when bad things happen.'

代表團一位前政府官員稱，他不認爲中國被美國的軍事威懾所折服。他說，如果美國認爲自己做好了行動的準備，中國卻不這麼認爲，那麼壞事就會發生。