世界銀行承認發達經濟體對全球化不滿

An internal briefing document seen by the BBC says the effects of globalisation on advanced economies is "often uneven" and "may have led to rising wage inequality".

據BBC獲得的一份內部簡報文件稱，全球化對發達經濟體的影響“經常是不平衡的”、並且“有可能導致了收入不平等程度的加深”。

The bank, which provides loans to developing countries, also says that "adjustment costs", such as helping people who have lost their jobs, have been higher than expected.

向發展中國家提供貸款的世界銀行同樣表示，調整的代價，比如幫助那些失業的人，比預期的要高。

Dr Jim Kim, the head of the World Bank, told the BBC that he understood why people were angry in advanced economies despite the fact that free trade was one of the "most powerful" drivers of growth and prosperity.

世界銀行行長金墉博士在接受BBC採訪時表示，儘管自由貿易是全球增長的最有力的引擎，但發達經濟體民衆對全球化感到不滿可以理解。

"I hear them and they are saying that my life is not better than my parents and my children's life does not look like it's going to be better than mine," he told me.

他對我說道：“我聽他們說過，他們的感覺是：我的生活水平低於父輩，而且子女一代的生活水平似乎還會更差。”

"So there is a real concern but the answer is to have more robust social security programmes, so you have a safety net. And then you need to get serious about getting the skills you need for the jobs of the future."

“因此這種擔憂真實存在。但解決的辦法只有提供更加有效的社會保障，建起社會安全網絡，大家一起認真考慮如何爲了將來的工作掌握新技能。”

Dr Kim said that 20% of jobs lost in advanced economies could be linked to trade, with the rest down to automation and the need for new skills.

金墉稱，發達經濟體20%的工作崗位損失是由全球化和自由貿易所導致，其它的則要“歸咎於”自動計數和對新技能的需求。

He said governments needed to do more to support those who had lost their jobs.

他認爲政府需要爲失業者提供更多支持。

The document, written by World Bank economists, does say that "trade has played a powerful role in creating jobs and contributing to rising incomes in advanced economies", as well as in emerging economies.

世行經濟學家們撰寫的這份文件認爲，貿易在創造就業機會和促進發達經濟體收入增長方面發揮了強大的作用，在新興經濟體中亦是如此。

But it highlights problems that have been created.

但是它同樣指出了一些出現的問題。

"Recent evidence for the US suggests that adjustment costs for those employed in sectors exposed to import competition from China are much higher than previously thought," the document says.

這份文件指出：“美國最近的事例表明，對於那些在和中國競爭的行業裏的從業人員來說，調整的代價要比之前所設想的高得多。”

"While trade may have contributed to rising inequality in high income economies, so has technological change and the weakening of institutions that used to represent the interests of labour.

“而自由貿易可能導致一些高收入國家不平等程度上升，技術升級以及代表工人利益的勞工組織功能弱化也是重要原因。”

"Given overall efficiency gains, the dislocation effects of trade in advanced economies must be addressed through stronger safety nets and enhanced skills and flexible labour markets."

“儘管整體效率有所提高，但自由貿易在發達經濟體帶來了重新安置問題，這些問題需要通過更加強大的社會保障網絡和更有彈性的勞動力市場來解決。”