Single use當選《柯林斯詞典》年度詞彙 這些新詞也值得關注大綱

2018年哪個英語詞彙最流行？“一次性的（single-use）”！據報道，英國出版的《柯林斯詞典》日前將該詞評爲2018年度詞彙，彰顯出環保問題的受關注度。

Collins Dictionary says we’re hearing a lot more of “single-use.”

《柯林斯詞典》表示，單詞“一次性的”（single-use）出現的頻率大幅增加。

The adjective applied to disposable plastic products has been named the dictionary’s 2018 word of the year. Collins says use of the term has risen fourfold since 2013, as pollution climbs the political agenda.

這個詞用來形容用後即棄的塑料產品，被評爲《柯林斯詞典》2018年度詞彙。《柯林斯詞典》表示，隨着污染成爲日益重要的政治議題，這個單詞在2018年的使用頻率達到2013年的四倍。

The term refers to products that are often made of plastic and have been made to use just once, only to be thrown away after, rendering them unsustainable and harmful to the planet.

“一次性的”產品常由塑料製成，僅供一次使用，之後就被丟棄，不可持續且對地球環境有害。

Collins’s lexicographers said the word “single-use” is now being used more than ever before in light of universal efforts to combat the threats such plastics pose to the environment, with the European parliament recently supporting a ban on products such as straws, cotton swabs and disposable plates.

該詞典編纂者說，鑑於全球都在努力應對塑料製品對環境造成的威脅，單詞“一次性”的使用比以往更頻繁了。最近，歐洲議會還通過了一項禁令，全面禁用一次性吸管、棉籤和一次性盤子等產品。

“Images of plastic adrift in the most distant oceans, such as straws, bottles and bags, have led to a global campaign to reduce their use,” said a spokesperson for the dictionary.

該詞典的一位發言人說：“吸管、塑料瓶和塑料袋等一次性物品在無際大海上漂流的景象，已引發一場號召減少使用一次性塑料用品的全球性運動。”

Other entries on the dictionary’s list of new and notable words include “backstop” — a legal guarantee about the Irish border after Brexit — and “gammon,” a derogatory British term for an angry pink-faced person sometimes used against supporters of leaving the European Union.

該詞典公佈的新增及重點關注詞彙還包括“後備方案（backstop）”和“醃豬腿（gammon）”。前者是指英國脫歐後有關愛爾蘭邊界的法律保障協議；後者是貶義詞，英國人用它代指生氣時滿臉通紅的人，有時會用於諷刺脫歐支持者。

“MeToo” also makes the list released Wednesday. The dictionary says the campaign against sexual harassment and abuse has become part of the language in phrases such as “the MeToo era” and “MeToo moment.”

“我也是（metoo）”也在此次公佈的詞彙當中。《柯林斯詞典》說，這場反對性騷擾和性侵犯的運動創造出“‘我也是’時代”和“‘我也是’時刻”等短語，已經成爲英語語言的一部分。

The movement was started in 2006 by activist Tarana Burke, but it went viral in October 2017 after allegations of sexual assault emerged against Harvey Weinstein.

這場運動始於2006年，由活動家塔拉那-布爾克發起，但一直到2017年10月，關於哈維-溫斯坦性侵多人的事件被曝光後，才掀起熱潮。

《柯林斯詞典》擁有收集45億單詞的語料庫，工作人員從書籍、報紙、雜誌和廣播電視等媒介出現過的詞彙中，選取出年度代表詞彙。

《柯林斯詞典》評選的2017年年度詞彙是“假新聞（fake news）”，2016年年度詞彙是“脫歐（Brexit）”。

下面一起來看看今年《柯林斯詞典》年度詞彙的候選詞彙：

Backstop 後備方案

A system that will come into effect if no other arrangement is made (noun)

如果沒有做出其他安排，就將生效的一種體制。（名詞）

（指英國脫歐後愛爾蘭邊界的情況，即北愛爾蘭與愛爾蘭之間不會存在“硬邊界”的法律保障。）

Floss 牙線舞

A dance in which people twist their hips in one direction while swinging their arms in the opposite direction with the fists closed (noun)

一種今年走紅的舞蹈。人們在跳舞時拳頭緊握，臀部和手臂向相反的方向扭動。（名詞）

Gammon 醃豬腿

A person, typically male, middle-aged, and white, with reactionary views, especially one who supports the withdrawal of Britain from the European Union (noun)

保守派人士，尤指中年白人男性，特別是“脫歐”支持者。（名詞）

Gammon原指煙燻豬肉，現在則具有貶義，用來形容氣得漲紅臉的“脫歐”支持者，這些人通常是中年白人男性。查爾斯-狄更斯在1838年的小說《尼古拉斯·尼克貝》中用這個詞描述了一個用愛國情懷遮掩一己私慾的中年男子。

Gaslight “煤氣燈”

To attempt to manipulate (a person) by continually presenting them with false information until they doubt their sanity (verb)

通過不斷地給別人灌輸錯誤信息，直到他們開始懷疑自己的理智思維，從而達到操控別人目的的行爲。（動詞）

MeToo “我也是”

Denoting a cultural movement that seeks to expose and eradicate predatory sexual behavior, especially in the workplace (adjective)

指的是一項文化運動，尋求曝光和根除性侵，特別是在工作場合。（形容詞）

Plogging 慢跑撿垃圾

A recreational activity, originating in Sweden, that combines jogging with picking up litter (noun)

一邊慢跑一邊撿垃圾，是起源於瑞典的一項休閒活動。（名詞）

Single-use 一次性的

Made to be used once only (adjective)

一次性使用的（形容詞）

VAR 視頻助理裁判

Abbreviation for video assistant referee

Video assistant referee（視頻助理裁判）的縮寫

VAR gained popularity in 2018 as it was "used for the first time during this year's FIFA World Cup."

視頻助理裁判“在今年的世界盃期間首次使用”，並流行起來。

Vegan 嚴格的素食主義者

A person who refrains from using any animal product whatever for food, clothing, or any other purpose (noun)

不使用任何動物製品的人，不管是食品、服裝、還是其他用途的產品。（名詞）

Whitewash “洗白”

To cast a white actor in the role of (a character from a minority ethnic group) or to produce (a film or play) using white actors to play characters from a minority ethnic group (verb)

讓白人演員扮演少數族裔，或拍攝白人演員出演少數族裔角色的電影和戲劇。（動詞）