移動支付崛起威脅中國商業銀行獲取大數據的能力大綱

The rise of third-party mobile payments in China at the expense of credit and debit cards is threatening commercial banks’ access to the customer data viewed as crucial to newly emerging financial and consumer business models.

在中國，第三方移動支付正在崛起，而代價是信用卡和借記卡的使用量在減少，這對商業銀行獲取客戶數據的能力構成威脅。這些客戶數據被視爲新興金融和消費業務模式的關鍵。

The president of Ant Financial, Alibaba Group’s finance affiliate, told the Financial Times earlier this month that payments through its Alipay unit bypass China UnionPay, the state-owned settlement network with close ties to the central bank.

本月早些時候，阿里巴巴集團(Alibaba Group)旗下金融公司螞蟻金服(Ant Financial)的總裁向英國《金融時報》表示，經由其支付寶(Alipay)完成的支付跳過了中國銀聯(China UnionPay)。銀聯是與中國央行關係密切的國有結算網絡。

The result is that UnionPay, along with issuing banks and acquiring banks, is hemorrhaging income from merchant fees.

這種狀況導致銀聯以及髮卡行、收單行從商戶那裏賺取的手續費收入大幅縮水。

The trend is fuelled not only by the rise of ecommerce but also by the dramatic increase of mobile payments to offline merchants such as supermarkets and restaurants.

助長這一趨勢的不僅僅是電子商務的崛起，還包括超市和餐館等線下商戶移動支付量的迅猛增長。

The move by more Chinese consumers to switch from swiping plastic cards to scanning QR codes with mobile wallet apps knocked $20bn from banks’ fee income in 2015, according to Kapronasia, a Shanghai-based fintech consultancy.

總部位於上海的金融科技諮詢公司Kapronasia的數據顯示，2015年有更多中國消費者從刷卡轉向通過移動錢包應用掃描二維碼，這令銀行損失了200億美元手續費收入。

Settlement fees are only part of banks’ overall revenue mix, which is dominated by interest income from loans.

在銀行的總體營收組合中，占主導地位的是貸款的利息收入，結算手續費則只佔一部分。

The bigger challenge to Chinese lenders, analysts say, comes from the way in which third-party payment providers are interposing themselves between banks and customers, depriving lenders of valuable data on consumption patterns.

不過分析師表示，中國的銀行面臨的更大挑戰來自第三方支付提供商在銀行與客戶之間插一槓子的方式，這種方式令銀行無法獲得關於消費模式的寶貴數據。

Data are increasingly the new currency of choice in China as third-party payment providers move beyond payments to selling a wider range of products and services such as taXi-booking, movie tickets, and wealth management products, said Zennon Kapron, founder of Kapronasia.

Kapronasia創始人曾農•考普龍(Zennon Kapron)表示：隨着第三方支付提供商超越支付業務、銷售約車、電影票和理財產品等多種產品和服務，數據在中國正日益成爲人們首選的新貨幣。

Banks are starved of the critical transaction data that would help them to provide competitive products and services.

銀行急需會幫它們提供有競爭力的產品與服務的關鍵交易數據。

Most users of Alipay, and rival WeChat Pay owned by Tencent, fund their payments by linking their traditional bank accounts to mobile wallet apps.

支付寶及其競爭對手微信支付（WeChat Pay，隸屬於騰訊(Tencent)）的大多數用戶，在支付時所用的錢都來自於與其移動錢包掛鉤的傳統銀行賬戶

That means traditional bank deposits are still the ultimate source of funds.

這意味着，傳統銀行存款仍是資金的最終來源。

But when a consumer uses Alipay or WeChat for payment, banks do not receive data on the merchant’s name and location.

然而，當消費者用支付寶或微信來支付時，銀行不會接收到關於商戶名稱和所在地的數據。

Instead, the bank record simply shows the recipient as Alipay or WeChat.

銀行的記錄只會顯示收款方是支付寶或微信。

The loss of data poses a challenge to Chinese banks at a time when their traditional lending business is under pressure from interest-rate deregulation, rising defaults, and the need to curb loan growth following the credit binge.

由於利率去監管化、違約增多以及信貸狂潮後需要抑制貸款增長，中國的銀行的傳統放貸業務正承受巨大壓力。在這樣一個時點，數據的流失爲它們帶來了一大挑戰。

Big data is seen as vital to lenders’ ability to expand into new business line

對銀行向新業務線拓展的能力來說，大數據被認爲有着至關重要的意義。

In the past, commercial banks focused on servicing large enterprises and didn’t care much about consumers.

八六證券研究(86 Research)駐上海高級金融科技分析師王曉燕（音譯）表示：過去，商業銀行把主要精力放在服務大企業上，不太關注消費者。

But with the macro-economy suffering, the corporate business is facing pressure on margins on growth, said Wang Xiaoyan, senior fintech analyst at 86 Research in Shanghai.

然而，隨着宏觀經濟遭遇麻煩，企業業務的增長空間面臨壓力。

Banks definitely want to capture the opportunity in retail banking, but if they don't have payment and consumption data, it’s difficult to gain consumer mindshare.

銀行無疑希望抓住零售銀行業務的機遇，但如果它們沒有支付和消費數據，將很難引起消費者的更多關注。

In a sign that banks recognise the importance of data, China’s big four state-owned commercial lenders have each launched their own ecommerce platforms in recent years.

最近幾年，中國四大國有商業銀行都推出了自己的電商平臺，這一跡象說明銀行已認識到了數據的重要性。

Rong E-Gou, the platform run by Industrial & Commercial Bank of China, the country’s largest lender by assets, has 30m users and reported turnover of Rmb870bn last year.

去年，中國資產最多的中國工商銀行(ICBC)運營的平臺融e購擁有3000萬用戶，交易額達8700億元人民幣。