10位改變世界的諾貝爾獎得主(中)

in Luther King, Jr.

7.馬丁·路德·金

He had a dream, and he didn't write it off as a fanciful midnight vision. Instead, Martin Luther King, Jr. pursued his dream in full daylight and in the face of scorn and cynicism. He paid for it with his life.

馬丁·路德·金有個“夢”，但沒有因夢醒就破滅，而是不畏嘲諷挖苦，爲之奮鬥，爲之犧牲。

In a country riven by racial discrimination and a legacy of slavery, King promoted equality and freedom for everyone.

馬丁·路德·金促進了國家平等和自由，他的國家那時還有奴隸，因種族歧視而分裂。

Furthermore, he pressed his agenda without a call for arms. Instead, he touted non-violent demonstrations and activism.

他不主張武裝戰鬥，而主張非暴力遊行和其他活動。

It all began with a famous flashpoint. In 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white person in Montgomery, Ala.

1955年，阿拉巴馬州蒙哥馬利的羅沙·帕克斯拒絕將自己的座位讓給一位白人。

This incident led to a successful 382-day bus boycott led by King, and it cemented his role as a leader for blacks in the United States.

因此，馬丁·路德·金組織了長達382天的罷車運動，確立了他作爲黑人領袖的地位。

After the boycott, and in the face of government and cultural intimidation, he hit the road to spread his message, speaking more than 2,500 times and traveling more than 6 million miles.

抵制運動後，他面臨着威脅恐嚇，開始宣傳自己理念，演講逾2500次，旅程逾965.6萬千米（合600萬英里）。

Eventually, his means subverted a deeply rooted culture of discrimination. In doing so, he won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize and was the youngest winner ever at the tender age of 35.

他的行動最終推翻了植根於美國的種族歧視。他也因此榮獲1964年諾貝爾和平獎，那時他才35歲，是最年輕的諾貝爾獎獲得者。

King was assassinated in 1968, but his legacy has inspired freedom-loving people all over the world.

1968年，馬丁·路德·金遭刺殺，但他的精神財富，影響着全世界熱愛自由的人。

Pavlov

6.伊凡·巴甫洛夫

Ivan Pavlov may be best known by memorable sound bites, such as "Pavlov's dogs" or the "Pavlovian response."

伊凡·巴甫洛夫可能因“巴普洛夫的狗”或“巴甫洛夫反射”等語句而廣爲所知。

But his sprawling impact on science can't be reduced to such concise phrases.

但他對科學更深遠的影響，用簡短金句概括未免太蒼白無力。

Pavlov won the 1904 Nobel in physiology. He's best known for his research on conditioned reflexes.

巴普洛夫獲得1904年諾貝爾生理學獎，他因條件反射而聲名赫赫。

In his most famous experiments, he would ring a bell every time he gave food to dogs.

他的經典例子，是每次給狗投食時都要搖鈴。

After repeating this process over and over again, the dogs would eventually begin salivating simply at the sound of the bell.

如此反覆，狗即使只聽到鈴聲也會垂涎欲滴。

It wasn't long before people realized that humans weren't all that different from dogs.

不久，人們發現，人和狗的區別並不大。

We're all conditioned to respond certain ways -- both good and bad -- to various stimuli.

人類對外界不同的刺激也有條件反射——好壞兼備。

Pavlov's insights opened new doors in psychology and behaviorism, and they altered the way people perceive their own behaviors.

巴普洛夫的發現爲生理學和行爲學打開新的大門，並讓人改變了對行爲的原有認知。

He was so well-regarded in the Soviet Union and around the world that the Soviet government couldn't muzzle his outspoken condemnation of Communism.

在蘇聯乃至世界範圍內，他都是位響噹噹的人物，所以蘇聯政府不能限制他對共產主義的公開譴責。

By the time he won the Nobel, he was already one of the most renowned scientists in the world, and his discoveries still reverberate today.

他贏得諾貝爾獎時，已經聞名於世，他的發現在今天仍有長久深遠的影響。

er Teresa

5.特蕾莎修女

She's a virtual brand name when it comes to charity. Mother Teresa won the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize for her unending work with some of the world's most impoverished people.

在慈善界，特蕾莎修女可謂有口皆碑。特蕾莎修女一生致力於消除貧困，於1979年獲得諾貝爾和平獎。

In 1950, Mother Teresa launched a Catholic organization called the Missionaries of Charity, which began its work in India, helping to ease the suffering of poor, sick and orphaned people.

1950年，特蕾莎成立了天主教組織博濟會，在印度幫助窮人、病人及孤兒。

In time, the charity grew to care for AIDS sufferers and people displaced by war, famine and other catastrophes, both natural and human-caused.

之後，博濟會又開始收容艾滋病患者以及因戰亂、饑荒等天災人禍而無家可歸的人。

She remained committed to the charity for more than 40 years. She died in 1997, but many carry on her mission.

特蕾莎修女專注慈善事業四十餘年，於1997年去世，但許多人延續了她的使命。

Her organization is still active in more than 130 countries, with thousands of sisters tending to those in need.

成千上萬名博濟會成員至今仍活躍在130多個國家，向需要的人提供幫助。

In doing so, they maintain a humanitarian presence in communities where no one else has the means or will to help.

他們的做法，是人道主義的體現，彌補了一些社區沒人願意伸出援助之手的空白。

ander Fleming, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey

4.亞歷山大·弗萊明、恩斯特·伯利斯·柴恩和霍華德·弗洛裏

Humankind doesn't advance without, well, humans. That's why medical advances are so critical to each and every one of us.

人類進步離不開，嗯，人。因此醫學進步對每個人都至關重要。

Sir Alexander Fleming, along with Sir Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Howard Florey, made one of the most important medical discoveries ever and, as a result, won the 1945 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.

亞歷山大·弗萊明、恩斯特·伯利斯·柴恩和霍華德·弗洛裏因重大醫學發現於1945年獲得諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎。

In his rather unclean research lab, and by accident, Fleming realized that a mold growing in a petri dish had killed adjacent Staphylococci bacteria.

弗萊明的實驗室不太潔淨，他偶然間發現培養皿裏的一種黴菌消滅了臨近的葡萄球菌。

Thus began his experiments with the mold, called Penicillium notatum, which eventually resulted in penicillin-based antibiotics.

於是，弗萊明開始研究這種黴菌，即特異青黴素，最終研究出青黴素類抗生素。

These drugs were effective against all sorts of diseases that had ravaged humans for centuries, including tuberculosis, gangrene, syphilis and many other bacterial infections. As a result, untold lives were improved or spared.

這些抗生素對治療困擾人類幾百年的各種疾病效果顯著，包括肺結核、壞疽、梅毒及其他細菌感染，救治了無數人。