盤點全球十大特種部隊(上)

What do Chuck Norris, Sylvester Stallone, Charlie Sheen, Demi Moore and Steven Seagal all have in common? At one time or another they have all portrayed special forces soldiers on the big screen and satiated the public's love of action movies that involve elite military forces. In the world of the military, perhaps no one group fascinates us or takes hold of our imagination more than the special-forces. On top of the ‘regular' military forces, most nations have an elite group of service personnel who are held to a higher standard of requirements and training. Some of these groups are well publicized and have been covered in the media recently. Others aren't as well-known with only allegations or myths surfacing over the years to provide any clue of their existence.

查克·諾里斯、西爾維斯特·史泰龍、查利·辛、黛米·摩爾及史蒂文·西格爾，這些人有什麼共同之處呢？他們都曾在動作電影中扮演特種兵，講述精英部隊傳奇，深受公衆喜愛。在軍事界，也許沒有哪個兵種能比特種部隊更讓我們着迷，更能激發我們的想象力。大多數國家都組建有一支頂級的軍事力量；這支部隊由現役士兵中的精英組成，有着更高的選拔標準及更嚴苛的訓練要求。其中一些特種部隊較爲高調並於近日爲媒體所追捧。其他的特種部隊則歷來鮮爲人知，僅有些許不實指控或謠言傳出。

Whether emerging from the water to silently take out guards, storming a plane to rescue the hostages and eliminate the hostage-takers or slipping through the lines to sabotage enemy bridges and roads, special-forces take on some of the hardest missions and live some of the most secret lives in the military world. Who is the best? It's a difficult and near-impossible question to tackle as each nation's special-forces are built to do different jobs, including counter-terrorism and hostage rescue to reconnaissance and assault missions. That said, the requirements to get into the force in question, past operations and reputation can all help assess who some of the more deadly special-forces around the world are.

不論是冒出水面悄悄幹掉警衛，還是突襲飛機解救人質、消滅劫匪抑或是衝破封鎖並破壞敵人的橋樑和道路，特種部隊肩負着最爲棘手的任務，是軍事界最爲神祕的兵種。哪支特種部隊纔是最厲害的？這個問題難以回答，也幾乎沒有答案，因爲每個國家的特種部隊執行不同的任務，包括反恐、人質救援、偵察以及突擊。也就是說，要深入瞭解各特種部隊並不容易，但我們可以從他們過去的行動及所獲得的聲譽評估一下最厲害的特種部隊都有哪些。

– France

10.法國國家憲兵干預組

Starting off our list are the National Gendarmerie Intervention Group from France. The GIGN, like many European special-forces, trace their origins back to the hostage massacre at the 1972 Munich Olympics. The French had also experienced a prison mutiny the year before in which hostages had been taken and murdered. The result of these experiences contributed to the creation of a force which today stands at around 400 members. Specializing in anti-terrorist and hostage rescue, the GIGN have seen their share of action. Past operations have included rescuing 30 school children held hostage in Djibouti, capturing war criminals in Bosnia, battling Somali pirates and, of course, the dramatic assault and hostage rescue of passengers aboard Air France flight 8969 in Marseille in 1994.

在我們榜單中，第一位出場的是法國國家憲兵干預組，也叫“法國國家憲兵特勤隊”。與歐洲衆多特種部隊一樣，法國國家憲兵干預組的創立可以追溯至1972年的慕尼黑奧運會人質事件。此前一年，法國發生了監獄叛亂，人質慘死。這些事件產生了巨大的影響，促使法國政府成立了這支軍事部隊。這支部隊現有成員400名左右，專門負責反恐與人質營救。法國憲兵特勤隊已經執行過衆多任務，包括營救30名吉布提學生人質，抓捕波斯尼亞戰爭罪犯，對抗索馬里海盜，當然還有1994年在馬賽的法航8969航班上，成功突襲並解救乘客。

– Pakistan

9.巴基斯坦特別服務組

In 1956, the Pakistani Army created its own special forces known as the Special Services Group. This force was modelled on the British SAS and US special-forces and its size remains highly classified. Selection for this force is rigorous and only 1 in 4 recruits end up making it through the nine-month training, airborne school and extensive hand-to-hand combat and physical conditioning elements. The SSG is trained for a variety of environments including mountain, desert, jungle and underwater. During the early Cold War, SSG forces trained and served alongside US special-forces. It is alleged some of these forces served in Afghanistan, fighting alongside the mujahedeen against the Soviets in the 1980s. India alleges that SSG forces have attacked their soldiers on more than one occasion in volatile border regions shared by the two nations. More recently, the SSG has focused on local anti-terrorist operations, taking part in ending the 2009 attacks on the Lahore police academy and rescuing the hostages of another 2009 attack on the Pakistan Military Headquarters.

1956年，巴基斯坦軍方建立了自己的特種部隊，即特別服務組。這支部隊參照英國SAS部隊和美國特種部隊建立而成，其規模是最高機密。這支部隊挑選十分嚴格，只有四分之一的新兵能通過爲期九個月的訓練，其中包括空降訓練、大量的近身格鬥及體能測試。SSG接受包括山地，沙漠，叢林以及水下在內的各種訓練以應對多變的作戰環境。冷戰初期，SSG部隊與美國特種部隊一道訓練，並肩作戰。據說，在20世紀80年代蘇聯入侵阿富汗的戰爭中，在阿富汗服役的美、巴特種部隊曾聯合聖戰者共同抗擊蘇聯侵略者。印度宣稱， SSG部隊在兩國接壤的動盪邊境地區襲擊了他們的士兵。最近，SSG都專注於本國的反恐行動，參與救援了2009年拉合爾警察學院襲擊事件以及同年的巴基斯坦軍事總部襲擊事件。

ret Matkal – Israel

8.以色列總參偵察營

This Israeli special-forces unit is focused on reconnaissance, anti-terrorism and hostage rescue outside of Israel. Sayeret Matkal was formed in 1957 to fill a void in Israel's special-forces and is made up of candidates selected for their high physical and intellectual characteristics. Candidates undergo eighteen months of training which includes basic infantry school, parachute school, counter-terrorism training and reconnaissance related training. The force has taken part in many large scale operations since the 1960s. The most famous of these, Operation Entebbe/Thunderbolt, demonstrated the determination and reach of Sayeret Matkal to the world. The operation came to be after several Palestinian and pro-Palestinian terrorists had taken hostages onboard an airliner which was flown to Entebbe Airport in Uganda. Many hostages were released but over 100, mainly Israeli and Jewish hostages, were kept in the airport terminal building. A group of around 100 Israeli commandos, including an assault force of Sayeret Matkal assaulted the position, killing the terrorists and freeing almost all of the hostages.

以色列總參偵察營成立於1957年，它的出現填補了以色列特種部隊的空白。這支部隊由通過嚴酷的體能測試和智力特徵挑選的應徵者組成，側重於偵察、反恐和跨國營救人質。應徵者要歷經18個月的訓練，包括基礎步兵訓練、空降兵訓練、反恐培訓和偵察相關的培訓。該部隊從上世紀60年代起參加了多次大規模軍事行動，其中最著名的當屬代號爲“霹靂”的 “恩德培行動”。這次行動向世界展示了以色列總參偵察營的果斷和作爲。這次行動的起因是，一些巴勒斯坦和親巴勒斯坦的恐怖分子劫持了一架飛往烏干達恩德培機場的飛機，並將機上乘客作爲人質。劫機者釋放了多數人質，但仍然將包括很多以色列和猶太人在內的100多人拘留在機場航站樓。一個約100人的以色列突擊聯隊（其中包括一支以色列總參偵察營突擊隊）向航站樓發起攻擊，擊斃恐怖分子並解救了絕大部分人質。

-Cobra – Austria

7.奧地利眼鏡蛇特遣部隊

As a result of the attack on the Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics, Austria created the Einsatzkommando Cobra for anti-terrorist operations. The force is made up of 450 men who have served in the Austrian Federal Police Force. Training, like every special-force, involves several months of specialized courses focused on marksmanship, languages, hand-to-hand combat and tactical and assault training. Of course, only those who pass strict psychological and physical testing qualify for the full training. In order to be as diverse as possible, extra specialized training often follows this ‘general' training and focuses on things like explosives, diving and sniping. While EKO-Cobra hasn't had any sorts of operations like the Sayeret Matkal, they have ended a hostage taking in Graz-Karlau prison in 1996 and are the only counter-terrorist team to end a hijacking while the plane was in mid-flight. In this instance, in 1996, four Cobra members were on a flight when a hijacker demanded the plane be diverted. Needless to say, the hijacker picked the worst flight to make his move and was subdued by the Cobra members.

在1972年慕尼黑奧運會以色列運動員襲擊事件後，奧地利組建了眼鏡蛇特遣部隊，執行各項反恐任務。該部隊由450人組成，隊員都曾在奧地利聯邦警察部隊服役過。與每個特種部隊的訓練一樣，眼鏡蛇特遣部隊的訓練包括了爲期數月的專業課程，側重於射擊、語言、搏擊、戰術和突擊訓練。當然，只有通過嚴格的心理和體能測試的人才能完成整個訓練。爲了使訓練儘可能的多樣化，他們常常在“常規”訓練之後增加爆破、駕駛和狙擊之類的專業訓練。雖然眼鏡蛇特遣部隊還未參與類似於以色列總參偵察營的行動，但是他們於1996年成功解救了格拉茨-卡爾勞監獄劫持事件的人質，是唯一在空中制止劫機的反恐小組。1996年的那起劫機事件中，劫機者要求飛機轉向時，機上正好有4名眼鏡蛇成員。不用說，劫持者倒了大黴，不僅沒劫成機，還被眼鏡蛇成員制服了。

a Force – USA

6.美國三角洲部隊

The full name of this group is the 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta. In addition to counter-terrorism operations, Delta Force can also take part in hostage rescue, raids, reconnaissance and less covert direct action operations. The group was formed in 1977 as a result of an increasing number of high-profile terrorist operations. Since then it has been composed largely of soldiers who have served in US special-forces like the Green Berets or Rangers. To be considered for training, potential candidates must be male, at least 21 years old, score highly on an aptitude test and be between the rank of corporal and master sergeant. A series of grueling physical and mental tests follow with the aim of weeding out the weakest. Allegedly, this testing means less than 1 in 10 make it through to the 6 month-long training course. Delta Force operations remain highly guarded secrets but you can bet they are in the vanguard of any US-led operation.

三角洲部隊的全稱是美國陸軍特種部隊第一作戰分遣隊。除了反恐，三角洲還參與營救、襲擊、偵察和其他公開行動。在恐怖主義日益猖獗的情況下，三角洲部隊於1977年應運而生。自那以後，該部隊大部分成員均從諸如綠色貝雷帽及遊騎兵等美國特種部隊的現役士兵中進行挑選。該部隊的應徵者必須是年滿21週歲，高分通過能力傾向測試且銜級介於下士和軍士長之間的男性公民。實施一系列挑戰極限的體能、心理素質測試是爲了淘汰弱者。據說，這樣苛刻的測試意味着僅有不到十分之一的應徵者能通過長達6個月之久的訓練課程。三角洲部隊的行動一直是高度機密。但可以斷定的是在所有美國發起的行動中，打頭陣的總是這支部隊。

審校：秋誼 編輯：Lion 來源：前十網