中英雙語話歷史 第68期:五代十國(十國)

The Ten States are Wu，the Southern Tang，the Former Shu，the Later Shu， Wuyue,Chu,Min,the Southern Han,the Later Liang and the Northern Han.

十國指吳國、南唐、前蜀、後蜀、吳越、楚、閩、南漢、後梁和北漢。

With the Nortern Han in the North and the other states were all in the Southern part of China.

除北漢在北方外,其餘各國在中國南部。

The development of the states in the South contributed a lot to the progress of South China.

各國在中國南方的發展對南方的開發起到了重大作用。

These states were established about the time when the Later Liang was founders of these states formerly had all been garrison commanders during the later period of the Tang Dynasty.

南方的十國建立於後梁晚期，創建者都是晚唐時期的節度使。

The State of Wu and the Later Tang ： The State of Wu was founded by Yang Xingmi, who was a garrison commander in Huainan. He won his fame and power when suppressing the uprising of the peasants and fighting with other warlords.

吳國和南唐:吳的開創者楊行密，在鎮壓農民起義和軍閥混戰中被唐朝提升爲淮南節度使。

In 902,，he was granted as King of Wu by the Emperor Zhaozhong of the Tang with Yangzhou as capital.

公元902年，唐昭宗封他爲吳王，建都揚州。

After that Yangpu was made to be Emperor of Wu by Xu Wen, his chancellor, with the State title Wu.

到楊溥在位時，丞相徐溫等立楊溥爲天子，國號吳。

However, at this moment, Yang’s family owned no real power in the court and Xu Wen’s son，Xu Zhigao dethrone Yangpu , became the emperor and set up the Tang with Jinling as capital. Then he changed his name to Li Bian later, known as the Southern Tang, which was destroyed by the Northern Song when the last emperor Li Yu was in the reign.

但此時，楊氏大權早已旁落。公元937年，徐溫的養子徐知誥廢楊溥自立，國號唐，建都金陵，改姓名爲李,史稱“南唐”。到後主李煜時，南唐爲北宋所滅。

The State of Former and Later Shu：The State of Former Shu was founded by Wang Jian who was a garrison commander in Bizhou (now Daojiang, Sichuan) of Tang. From 894, he occupied Xichuan, Dongchuan and Hanzhong in succession and announced to be the emperor in Chengdu with the name of Shu.

前、後蜀:唐壁州（四川導江）刺史王建，從公元894年開始，先後兼併西川、東川和漢中之地。

This was the Former Shu in history.

後梁建立，他在成都稱帝，國號蜀，史稱“前蜀”。

When Wang Yan, son of Wang Jian came to the throne, people suffered from his exorbitant taxes and severe punishment.

其子王衍繼位，以奢侈荒淫、刻剝百姓著稱。

In 925, Zhuang-zong of the Later Tang sent troops to destroy Shu and transferred Meng Zhixiang to be the associated garrison in commander.

925年,後唐莊宗派兵滅前蜀，用孟知祥（李克用侄女婿）爲劍南西川節度副大使。

In 926, Meng Zhixiang entered Chengdu ,reformed the political system and lighted the taxes. He also seized Dongchuan from the Former Shu.

公元926年，孟知祥入成都，整頓吏治，減少苛稅，攻佔東川。

In 934, Meng Zhixiang proclaimed to be emperor of Shu, with Chengdu as capital, which was recorded as the Later Shu in history.

公元934年，他在成都稱帝，國號蜀，史稱“後蜀”。

After Meng Zhixiang died, his son, Mengchang, the new emperor took Fengzhou and extended his territory as wide as that of the Former Shu.

當年孟知祥死,子孟昶繼位，又攻取鳳州，疆域與前蜀相同。

However, he committed the same ill-ruling as Wang Yan exploited and suppressed his officials and citizens ferociously.

但孟昶和王衍一樣，殘酷剝削壓榨高官、百姓，奢侈成性。

And in 965, the Later Shu was ended by the Northern Song.

965年爲北宋所滅。

The State of Wuyue：The State of Wuyue was established by Qian Liu who was the garrison commander of Zhenhai in 893.

吳越:吳越的創建者錢鏐，在公元893年被唐昭宗任命爲鎮海節度使。

He won his position in charge of Zhen-hai and Zhendong while fighting with warlord Dong Chang in Yuezhou.

不久, 因討越州軍閥董昌有功，升任鎮海、鎮東兩軍節度使。

In 907, Qian Liu was granted as the King of Wuyue with Hangzhou as capital.

公元907年，後梁封他爲吳越王，建都於杭州，擁有兩浙之地。

His kingdom embraced Zhejiang, and there were scarcely wars agitated in this period which retained the time for economic and agricultural development.

這一地區戰爭很少，生產發達，經濟繁榮。

Their regime lasted five generations to Qian Chu and was finally ruined by the Northern Song Dynasty.

錢氏政權五傳至錢鏐，於978年降於北宋。

The State of Chu:The State of Chu was founded by Ma Yin.

楚:唐末,馬殷割據湖南。

In 907, he was acknowledged as King of Chu by the Later Liang and Tanzhou (Changsha, Hunan now) was the capital. There was a chaos among his sons in the court for the posiDynasty.

公元907年，後梁封他爲楚王，都於潭州（長沙）。公元927年，馬殷死，諸子爭立，政局混亂，公元963年爲北宋所滅。

The State of Min：The State of Min was set up by Wang Shenzhi who followed his elder brother Wang Chao to Fuzhou (Fujian province now). In 897, Wang Shenzhi succeeded his brothers position as the garrison commander and was later granted as King of Min taking charging of Quanzhou and Tingzhou. Other successors of the Min were all tyrannies therefore caused constant confusion within the state and received downfall from the Southern Tang.

閩:公元893年，王審知隨其兄王潮據福州（今福建），公元897年，繼王潮爲威武軍節度使。公元909年，後梁封他爲閩王，據有泉、汀等地。王審知死後，繼位的都是暴君，內亂不休，公元945年被南唐攻滅。

The State of Southern Han ： In 905, Liu Yin was a garrison commander of Jinghai in the Tang Dynasty.

南漢:公元905年，劉隱爲唐靜海軍節度使。

In 907, he was granted as King of Dapeng and his brother, Liu Ying after succeed him, extended his territory and proclaimed to be emperor of Yue in 917 with Guangzhou as capital. In the following year, he renamed his regime Han, which was the Southern Han in Chinese history.

公元907年，後梁封他爲大彭郡王。隱弟劉葵繼位後，擴大了勢力範圍，於公元917年稱帝，國號越，建都廣州，次年改國號爲漢，史稱“南漢”。

The rulers of the Southern Han were extravagant and cruel therefore caused an intense class contradictory. In 971, the Southern Han was also taken over by the Northern Song.

南漢君主都極其奢侈，統治十分殘暴,境內階級矛盾非常尖銳，公元971年爲北宋所滅。

The State of Later Liang ： In 907, Gao Jixing, was a garrison commander in Jingnan during the period of the Later Liang.

後梁:公元907年，後梁任命高季興爲荊南節度使。

In 924, he was granted King Nanping with Jiangling as cspital, owning only Jingzhou, which was the smallest state.

924年，後唐莊宗封他爲南平王，都於江陵，僅有荊州一地，是十國中最弱小的一國。

In 963,it was taken over by the Northern Song.

公元963年亡於北宋。

The State of Northern Han ： The State of Northern Han by Liu Chong appeared somewhat later than the others, it was established towards the end of the Later Tang, during the period of the Later Jin, and the Later Zhou.

北漢:北漢爲後漢高祖之弟劉崇所建，是建國最晚的一個,成立後唐末期、後晉和後周之間。

In 951, located in the east of the Yellow River, Liu Chong declared to be emperor with Taiyuan as capital and still took Han as its name. It was the Northern Han in Chinese history.

公元951年，劉崇據河東之地，在太原稱帝，仍以漢爲國號，史稱“北漢”。

The Northern Han was based on weak economy on which its people suffered from the heavy taxes for military expenditure and payment to Qidan in the north. To earn a living was terribly hard in the Northern Han and there were acute social struggles within.

北漢“土瘠民貧，內供軍國，外奉契丹，賦繁役重，民不聊生”，社會矛盾十分尖銳。

In 979 the Northern Song took over it.

公元979年被北宋所滅。

Along with the improvement of handicrafts, the economy of the south was booming.

隨着手工業的發展，南方的商業也相當活躍。

Hangzhou, the capital of Wuyue, grew into a prosperous metropolis in the southeaster of China enjoying the faming of the richest and thriftiest city that could be compared to the heaven.

吳越都城杭州，已成爲東南繁榮 的大都市富兼華夷”，“百事繁庶”，有“地上天宮”之稱。

Chengdu was also well-developed and famous for its silks, herb medicine and jewels concerning the amount of goods exchange.

成都市場也相當繁榮，有蠶市、藥市、珠寶市，市場交易量很大。

Besides, there were many trades by ey after the periods of growth in the five Dynasties.

此外，當時的海上貿易也相當活躍。

According to the demographic toll at the dawn of the Northern Song that there were 2. 3 million people was added to the Song’s original 1 milliom after removing all the small states in the south.

經過五代時期的發展，全國的經濟重心已從黃河流域逐漸轉移到長江流域。據北宋初年統計，北方人口只有100多萬戶，後來陸續平定南方諸國，又得230多萬戶。

This indicated that the population of the south was double that of the north which meant the progressive surplus of the north in economy and a gradually prominent position in imperial China.

可見南方人口已經超過北方二倍。這說明南方經濟的發展日益超過北方， 越來越在全國佔據重要的地位。