歐美多國強化防疫措施 要求民衆在公共場合戴口罩

隨着新冠肺炎疫情的擴散，歐美多國轉變觀念，開始要求民衆在公共場合佩戴口罩。奧地利要求民衆到超市購物時必須戴口罩，成爲西歐第一個要求民衆戴口罩的國家。德國耶拿決定效仿奧地利，要求人們在超市和乘坐公共交通工具時戴口罩。英國媒體開始教大家如何自制口罩。美國總統特朗普則推薦大家用圍巾來替代口罩。

奧地利：去超市購物要戴口罩

Austrian supermarkets on Wednesday began handing out basic face masks to largely compliant shoppers before they become compulsory next week, though there remained some confusion about the new measure and uncertainty about its usefulness in fighting the coronavirus.

本週三（4月1日），奧地利的超市開始向顧客發放口罩，大部分人都能遵守要求，下週開始，在進入超市時戴口罩將成爲強制要求。不過，仍有人對這項新措施感到困惑，也不確定這是否能有效防禦新冠病毒。

Chancellor Sebastian Kurz said on Monday masks would soon be required in supermarkets and possibly later in public places in general.

奧地利總理塞巴斯蒂安·庫爾茨於本週一（4月1日）稱，很快就會要求民衆去超市時佩戴口罩，今後可能還會要求大家在公共場所佩戴口罩。

"These masks are handed out in front of supermarkets," Kurz said. "It will be compulsory to wear them in supermarkets." He added that the goal was for people to wear them elsewhere in public, as well.

庫爾茨說：“這些口罩在超市門口發放，在超市裏必須戴着。”他補充說，目標是讓人們在其他公共場合也佩戴口罩。

The masks are below medical grade, but Kurz said the new mandate would hopefully help slow the rate of infection.

這些口罩沒有達到醫用級別，但庫爾茨表示，新規定有望幫助降低感染率。

"I am fully aware that masks are alien to our culture," he said. "This will require a big adjustment."

他說：“我很清楚，口罩與我們的文化格格不入。這需要人們轉變觀念。”

Neighboring Slovakia and the Czech Republic, which have far fewer cases, have introduced a more sweeping measure, making face masks compulsory outside the home. Support for wearing masks in public appears to be rising across Europe.

奧地利的鄰國斯洛伐克和捷克共和國的新冠肺炎確診病例要少得多，但兩國已經採取了一項更全面的措施，要求人們出門必須戴口罩。在歐洲，要求在公共場所戴口罩的呼聲越來越高。

“I believe he is right. Yes, Kurz is handling this correctly,” a shopper at a Vienna supermarket who gave only her first name, Martina, said after putting on a free mask.

“我相信他是對的。是的，庫爾茨這樣應對很正確，”維也納一家超市的顧客瑪蒂娜戴上免費口罩後說。

Austria borders Italy, one of the world’s hardest-hit countries but moved earlier in its outbreak to shut down schools, bars and other gathering places. Its more than 10,000 cases have yet to overwhelm its health system, but Kurz says that could happen in two weeks. There have been 146 deaths so far.

奧地利與意大利接壤，意大利是世界上受新冠肺炎疫情影響最嚴重的國家之一，但在疫情暴發初期，意大利就關閉了學校、酒吧和其他聚集場所。奧地利新冠肺炎確診病例已超1萬例，醫療系統仍在正常運行。但是庫爾茲說，醫療系統可能在兩週內崩潰。奧地利的新冠肺炎死亡病例有146例。

Kurz says the aim is to prevent the wearer coughing or sneezing on others and infecting them. The measure has been widely supported. The head of the opposition Social Democrats said masks should also be compulsory on public transport.

庫爾茨說，要求戴口罩是爲了防止人們朝着他人咳嗽或打噴嚏並感染他人。這項措施得到了廣泛支持。反對黨社會民主黨領袖表示，人們乘坐公共交通工具時也應該強制戴口罩。

Masks will be compulsory in supermarkets and drug stores of more than 400 square meters as of Monday.

從下週一（4月6日）開始，奧地利超過400平方米的超市和藥店將強制要求顧客佩戴口罩。

德國耶拿宣佈“口罩強制令”

Shortly after Kurz's announcement, Germany signaled that it too might ask citizens to wear face masks in public once the country's lockdown measures are eased.

庫爾茨宣佈這一措施後不久，德國就表示，一旦封鎖措施放鬆，或將同樣要求民衆在公共場合戴口罩。

Hanno Kautz, a spokesman for the German health ministry, was asked Monday at a regular news conference whether Germany was considering following Austria in requiring shoppers to wear non-medical face masks in supermarkets. Kautz responded that doing so could help protect others from contracting the illness if the person wearing the mask was infected.

德國衛生部發言人漢諾·考茨基本週一（3月30日）在例行新聞發佈會上被問及，德國是否正在考慮效仿奧地利，要求人們在超市購物時佩戴非醫用口罩。考茨基迴應說，如果戴口罩的人患病，這樣做可以保護其他人不受感染。

The city of Jena in eastern Germany has decided to make people wear face masks when shopping or traveling on public transport, stepping up efforts to curb coronavirus contagion and becoming the first city in the country to introduce the measure.

德國東部城市耶拿決定讓人們在購物或乘坐公共交通工具時戴上口罩，加大力度遏制新冠肺炎疫情的蔓延，成爲該國首個實施這一措施的城市。

contagion[kənˈteɪdʒən]：n.傳染病；蔓延；觸染

Jena, which has 119 coronavirus infections and an overall population of about 110,000, decided to follow the example of Austria.

耶拿總人口約爲11萬，新冠肺炎確診病例有119例。該市決定效仿奧地利的做法。

“In a week’s time, wearing mouth and nose protection in shops in Jena, on public transport and buildings with public traffic will be compulsory,” Jena City Hall said in a statement.

耶拿市政廳在一份聲明中說：“一週後，人們在耶拿的商店、公共交通和公共建築內都必須戴口罩。”

Given shortages of protective masks, the city in the state of Thuringia said towels or scarves wrapped over peoples’ mouths and noses would be acceptable, and it encouraged individuals to sew their own.

由於防護口罩緊缺，位於圖林根州的耶拿表示，人們也可以用毛巾或圍巾裹住口鼻，並鼓勵人們自己縫製口罩。

英國媒體教大家自制口罩

《衛報》3月31日早上發佈視頻，教大家如何正確佩戴口罩。

《每日電訊報》發佈報道，質問英國政府在口罩問題上是不是錯了。

英國《每日快報》在報道中教大家如何製作口罩，並解釋需要戴口罩的原因。

《泰晤士報》的報道標題醒目地寫着，戴口罩可以有效減緩新冠病毒的傳播。

美國總統特朗普：美國人“可以戴圍巾”來替代口罩

在當地時間3月31日的新聞發佈會上，特朗普討論了美國民衆佩戴口罩的潛在需求。

Trump said that Americans “can wear scarves” in lieu of masks.

特朗普表示，美國人“可以戴圍巾”來替代口罩。

in lieu of：代，代替

“You know, you can use a scarf. A lot of people have scarfs, and you can use a scarf. A scarf would be very good. My feeling is if people want to do it, there’s certainly no harm to it. I would say do it, but use a scarf if you want, rather than going out and getting a mask or whatever, we're making millions and millions of masks," Trump said when asked if he would recommend all Americans wear masks.

在被問及是否建議所有美國人戴口罩時，特朗普說：“你們知道，可以用圍巾。很多人都有圍巾，你們可以用圍巾。圍巾還是很好用的。我的感覺是如果人們想要戴口罩，肯定沒壞處。我會說那就戴吧，但如果你們願意的話就戴條圍巾，而不是出門去買口罩或其他東西，我們正在生產數以百萬計的口罩。”

Trump said he wants the masks being produced to go to hospitals that need them.

特朗普表示，他希望生產的口罩能夠送到有需要的醫院。

“We want them to go to the hospitals. But one of the things that Dr. Fauci told me today is we don’t want everybody competing with the hospitals where you really need them,” Trump added.

“我們希望把口罩送去醫院，但今天福奇博士（國家過敏症和傳染病研究所所長）告訴我，我們不希望每個人都與真正需要口罩的醫院去搶口罩，”特朗普說。

世界衛生組織：專家委員會將對是否戴口罩做出評估

Should more of us wear face masks to help slow the spread of coronavirus?

是不是應該讓更多人戴口罩來幫助減緩新冠病毒的傳播呢？

This question is to be assessed by a panel of advisers to the World Health Organization (WHO).

這個問題將由世界衛生組織的一個專家委員會進行評估。

The group will weigh up research on whether the virus can be projected further than previously thought; a study in the US suggests coughs can reach 6m and sneezes up to 8m.

該委員會將評估病毒是否能噴射到比之前預期更遠的距離。美國的一項研究表明，咳嗽噴出的飛沫傳播距離可達6米，打噴嚏可達8米。

The panel's chair, Prof David Heymann, told BBC News that the new research may lead to a shift in advice about masks.

專家委員會主席大衛·海曼教授告訴英國廣播公司新聞頻道說，這項新研究可能會改變我們對戴口罩的建議。

He said that if the evidence is supported, then "it might be that wearing a mask is equally as effective or more effective than distancing."

他說，如果有證據支持，那麼“戴口罩可能和保持距離一樣有效，甚至更有效”。

But he adds a warning that masks need to be worn properly, with a seal over the nose. If they become moist, Prof Heymann explained, then particles can pass through. People must remove them carefully to avoid their hands becoming contaminated.

但他提醒說，需要正確佩戴口罩，口罩要有鼻部密封條。海曼教授解釋說，如果口罩受潮，微粒就可以通過。人們摘口罩時必須小心，以免手被污染。

He adds that masks need to be worn consistently.

他補充說，口罩需要一直佩戴。

"It's not on to wear a mask and then decide to take it off to smoke a cigarette or eat a meal - it must be worn full time," he said.

他說：“不能戴上口罩後，再摘掉口罩抽支菸或吃頓飯，而是必須一直戴着口罩。”