油管人、巴馬、脫歐：《牛津英語詞典》又入新詞

《牛津英語詞典》近日宣佈增加1500個新詞，2016年度英國最重大政治事件“英國脫歐”（Brexit）毫無懸念地位列其中。此外，來自社交媒體的新詞“油管人”，和搶了嬰兒潮一代風頭的“時尚奶奶”，以及一些技術用語也被收錄其中。

Brexit may mean Brexit to Theresa May, but the Oxford English Dictionary has come to the aid of those who wish for a less opaque definition.
Brexit一詞也許只有在特里莎·梅眼裏是“脫歐”的意思，對於許多人來說，該詞的定義仍然模糊不清。近日《牛津英語詞典》幫助大家釋義解惑。

The word is among 1,500 new words added to the dictionary this week.
包括Brexit在內，《牛津英語詞典》本星期共收錄了1500個新詞。

OED editors steered clear of political controversy by defining the process of Brexit rather than its consequences or implementation.
《牛津英語詞典》的編輯們沒有從脫歐產生的後果或最終的實現來下定義，而是對Brexit的過程進行定義，避開了該詞背後的政治紛亂。

The definition reads: The (proposed) withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, and the political process associated with it. Sometimes used specifically with reference to the referendum held in the UK on 23 June 2016, in which a majority of voters favoured withdrawal from the EU.
其定義如下：Brexit是指英國退出歐盟的行動（或計劃），及其相關的政治進程。該詞有時特指2016年6月23日的英國公投，當時大部分投票者都支持英國退出歐盟。

Fiona McPherson, senior editor on the OED, told the Guardian the word had been one of the fastest to move from coinage to definition and listing.
詞典高級編輯菲奧納•麥克弗森告訴《衛報》，近年來許多詞語由新詞快速上升爲一種定義，並被列入詞典，而Brexit就是其中速度最快的之一。

"It is very unusual for a word to take hold of the language so quickly", she said.
“一個詞語能如此之快地進入語言系統實爲少見，”她說道。

The word, she added, "had filled an empty space in our language, and the growing importance of the phenomenon it described."
她補充說，這個詞語“填補了我們語言中的一個空缺，恰當表述了它背後日益重要的政治現象。”

She added: "It has gone from a new word a couple of years ago to being on the front pages of foreign language newspapers used, which shows it is now a global word, not just one used here."
她還補充說：“Brexit幾年前還是一個新詞，而現在頻繁地在各大外刊頭版上使用，這表明它已經是全球通用，絕不僅限於本國。”

As Grexit - Greece's hypothetical exit from the EU- has also been added to the OED this month, it is expected that should momentum grow for EU membership referendums elsewhere Nexit (Netherlands), Frexit (France) and Oexit (Austria) will follow Brexit into the dictionary.
Grexit是指希臘退出歐盟的假設，該詞在本月也被收錄進了詞典。表達其他歐洲國家脫歐公投意圖的詞也預計將被收納，如Nexit（芬蘭脫歐）、Frexit（法國脫歐）、Oexit（奧地利脫歐）。

The influence of social media is visible in many of the new coinages.
人們能在許多新詞中看到社交網絡的影響。

YouTubers, defined as frequent user of the video-sharing website YouTube, especially someone who produces and appears in videos on the site is included in the dictionary for the first time.
YouTubers（油管人）首次被納入詞典，指頻繁使用視頻分享網站YouTube（油管）的用戶，特別是自己製作視頻並且出鏡的人們。

Anyone who stands up to internet trolls can now legitimately call themselves an upstander - a person who speaks or acts in support of a cause, especially one who intervenes on behalf of a person being attacked or bullied.
如今，任何在網絡上挺身而出打抱不平的人都可以堂堂正正地自稱爲upstander（挺身而出者）——指通過言語或行動來支持某項事業的人，尤指敢於站出來，代表遭受攻擊和欺凌的人的利益，爲其打抱不平。

A number of newly listed words and phrases have migrated from pop music, notably "get your freak on": defined as US slang (chiefly in African-American usage) 1) to engage in sexual activity, especially of an unconventional or uninhibited nature. 2) To dance, esp. in an uninhibited, wild, or exuberant fashion.
另一些新收錄的詞或短語來自於流行音樂，最出名的是“get your freak on”。它的定義爲：美國俚語（主要用在非裔美國人中）1.參與性活動，尤指挑戰傳統、放縱不羈的性行爲。2.跳舞，尤指無拘無束、動作狂野、熱情洋溢的舞蹈。

The phrase gained prominence in 2001 as the title of a Missy Elliott song.
該短語是梅西•埃麗奧特的一首歌名，2001年開始流行了起來。

Singer Beyonce had a hand in the listing of Bama, originally a 1920s abbreviation of the US state of Alabama. It evolved to become slang for a person from the rural American south, but was reclaimed this year by the singer in Formation, a track from her latest album Lemonade.
Bama一詞的收錄得力於歌手碧昂斯，該詞最早是20世紀20年代對美國阿拉巴馬州的縮寫，而後演化成了一個俚語，指來自美國南部鄉下的人。但碧昂斯在今年的最新專輯《Lemonade》裏的單曲《Formation》中重新使用了這個詞。

The lyric says:
這段歌詞是：

My daddy Alabama / Momma Louisiana / You mix that negro with that Creole / make a Texas Bama.
我爸是阿拉巴馬人 /我媽是路易斯安納人 / 他們生了我這個帶着克里奧爾血統的黑人/ 讓我成了住在德克薩斯的阿拉巴馬人。

Words are admitted to the OED, McPherson said, according to their usage.
麥克弗森說，《牛津英語詞典》會根據用法來收錄詞語。

"Once a word goes in, it doesn't come out. We have to have examples of it having passed into common usage or within a specialist area."
她說：“一個詞語一旦被收入字典，就不會被刪除。當它成爲常用詞或專業詞後，我們必須舉出與之相關的例子。”

Among the latest technical terms to have been added are examples of surfer lingo for wave types and surfing techniques.
此次添加的最新術語中，就包括了有關海浪種類和衝浪技巧的衝浪術語。

As usual, a raft of management speak makes it into the dictionary, led by out-strategise: a verb by to outmanoeuvre (an opponent, rival, etc.); to outdo in strategising.
與往常一樣，一些管理話語也進入了詞典，以“反策略”爲首：動詞，以計謀勝過；在策略上戰勝（敵人，反對派）；在策略上勝出。

Though many additions to the 829,000 words in the dictionary arise from young people and social media, others reflect the ageing population.
儘管新加入進《牛津英語詞典》82.9萬個詞語的新詞很多都來自於年輕人和社交媒體，但還有一些詞語來自於老年人。

Leading the way for Baby Boomers is glam-ma: a glamorous grandmother, especially one who is comparatively young or fashion-conscious.
搶了Baby Boomer（嬰兒潮時代出生的人）風頭的是glam-ma（時尚奶奶）：指風韻猶存的高齡女性，尤指相對年輕、有時尚氣息的老奶奶。