讓你不敢相信的十種仿製品(上)

You've likely encountered someone on the street peddling knockoff handbags or pirated DVDs. As far as crimes go, such industry ranks far beneath rape and murder, but it's not without consequence. Counterfeiting has been estimated to cost the global economy hundreds of billions of dollars each year. Outside of its effects on the economy, fake goods have cost people their lives and have even been traced to the support of terrorist organizations. And counterfeiting is hardly limited to Louis Vuitton bags and $100 bills—literally anything that can glean a profit is faked, from medicine to food to entire cars.

你可能會在街上遇到兜售冒牌手袋或DVD的攤販。從犯罪層面上來說，賣僞造品這樣的行爲與強姦和謀殺相去甚遠，但並不代表它不會造成嚴重後果。據估計，僞造品每年在全球經濟中耗資達數百億美元。除了對經濟造成不良影響，假冒僞劣商品還會危及人類的生命，甚至可能成爲恐怖組織的發展助力。另外，假冒僞劣產品並不僅限於LV的包或是百元大鈔，實際上任何可以賺取利潤的東西，比如藥物、食物，甚至是車輛，都是可以僞造的。

a Virgin Olive Oil

10.特級初榨橄欖油

The vast majority of counterfeit goods are meant to imitate expensive items. While olive oil isn't exactly cheap, it would hardly seem to be worth the effort of faking it. However, there is a huge market for counterfeit extra virgin olive oil, typically diluted with lower-quality oils, such as canola. According to Tom Mueller, the author of Extra Virginity: The Sublime and Scandalous World of Olive Oil, "Fifty percent of the olive oil sold in the United States is, in some ways, adulterated." There are various guides available to advise consumers on how to tell the difference between real extra virgin olive oil and diluted imposters, but it is extremely difficult—even under laboratory conditions—to make the classification.

大多數僞造品都是仿造奢侈品品牌的商品。橄欖油雖然不算特別便宜，但似乎也不值得費那麼大勁兒去做僞造品。然而冒牌特級初榨橄欖油的市場需求量卻相當之大，人們通常用像菜籽油之類的低質油對真品進行稀釋以製造這些山寨貨。《特純初榨：高尚而又醜陋的橄欖油世界》的作者湯姆·穆勒指出："從某些方面看來，在美國出售的橄欖油中，有百分之五十是摻假的。"對此，有很多消費指南都提供了一些建議，教顧客如何辨別初榨橄欖油的真僞。然而這並不是件容易的事，即使是在實驗室裏，辨別初榨橄欖油的真僞也很困難。

There have been several attempts to curtail the issue. In 2008, there was a huge crackdown in Italy called "Operation Golden Oil" that resulted in the arrests of 63 people and the confiscation of 63 farms. Most of the time, consuming less pure olive oil isn't really a big deal. But in 1981, Spain was rocked by tragedy when rapeseed oil contaminated with aniline (a coal tar extract used as an industrial lubricant) was sold as olive oil. Nearly 700 people died and countless others suffered injuries that included paralysis, organ failure, deformed bones, and neurological problems.

爲了減少特級初榨橄欖油造假事件，政府曾採取多項措施。2008年，意大利對橄欖油造假行爲嚴厲打擊，展開了"淨化橄欖油"行動，最終63人被捕，63個農場被沒收。不過在大多數情況下，減少純橄欖油的用量並不算什麼大問題。1981年，西班牙發生了一個舉國震驚的悲劇——商人把含有苯胺（焦煤油提取物用作工業潤滑油）的菜籽油當做橄欖油售賣，導致近700人死亡，無數人因此癱瘓、器官衰竭、骨骼變形，甚至神經系統受損。

ie Babies

9.比尼娃娃

For those too young to have lived through it, it is difficult to explain how frenzied the market was for Beanie Babies in the mid-to-late '90s. Distributed by Ty Warner Inc., Beanie Babies were a series of small stuffed animals of various species. The immediate appeal is obvious, but Ty played the market by making their product intentionally scarce to drive up demand. Limited quantities were distributed to stores, and models were often "retired," rendering certain specimens extremely valuable.

九十年代中期到末期，人們對比尼娃娃究竟有多狂熱，那些太年輕而沒經歷過的人是無法體會的。泰·沃納股份有限公司旗下的比尼娃娃是一系列種類多樣的小動物毛絨玩具。比尼娃娃一經發售便受到了廣大消費者的青睞，但泰·沃納公司反而嚴格控制這種毛絨玩具的產量，確保其稀缺性，以此拉動需求，佔領市場。店裏銷售的比尼娃娃數量都受到嚴格控制，熱銷的款式往往都會"停產"，供不應求的情況使得這些玩偶尤其珍貴。

The craze often got bizarre. In 1999, a divorced couple, unable to split up their extensive Beanie Baby collection on their own, was forced to divide them one at a time on a Las Vegas courtroom floor before a judge. The market has since bottomed out, but the rarest models, such as the limited edition commemorative Princess Diana edition (issued in the wake of her untimely death), are still claimed to be worth hundreds of thousands of dollars. (This is, of course, untrue—no one would pay that much for a Beanie Baby.)Counterfeit Beanie Babies were inevitable. People even began faking the toy's tags. In 2000, two men were arrested at a banquet hall in Willowbrook, Illinois, after an undercover investigation featuring police, state attorney's detectives, and Ty security staff. Fake Beanies are so common that dozens of websites have sprung up aiming to teach consumers the telltale signs of a forgery. Unlike some other counterfeits, Beanie Babies were even tied to a minor political scandal—1998's "Beaniegate," when United States Trade Representative Charlene Barshefsky was stopped by customs after visiting China on a diplomatic summit with then-President Bill Clinton. Barshefsky was found with approximately 40 fake Beanie Babies in her bags. The contraband was eventually incinerated.

對某事物的狂熱追求往往會引發一些稀奇古怪的事。1999年，一對準備離婚的夫妻在分割財產時，因爲無法處理大量比尼娃娃的收藏品，被迫將所有比尼娃娃帶上了拉斯維加斯的法庭。即使是在市場低靡時期，像戴安娜公主紀念版這樣稀有的限量品（在她去世後，仍然發行），據說價值也高達數十萬美元。（當然，這肯定不是真的，沒有人會用數十萬美元買一個比尼娃娃。）出現比尼娃娃仿造品這樣的事是無法避免的，有的人甚至開始僞造玩具的標籤。2000年，在警方、偵探、泰·沃納公司安保人員的聯合祕密調查下，兩個僞造比尼娃娃的人在伊利諾斯州的威洛布魯克宴會廳被捕。比尼娃娃的仿造品數不勝數，於是各種網站如雨後春筍般出現，旨在教消費者如何辨別商品真僞。和其他品牌的仿造品不同，比尼娃娃甚至還出現在一起政治醜聞——1998年的"比尼門"事件中。美國前貿易代表巴爾舍夫斯基陪同當時的美國總統克林頓訪問中國，外交峯會結束後，巴爾舍夫斯基被海關攔截——她的包中裝了將近40個比尼娃娃仿製品，最終它們都被焚燬。

Beef

8.神戶牛肉

Like truffles or caviar, Kobe beef is the very definition of a culinary delicacy, fetching prices over $200 a pound. The exquisitely marbled beef, whose fat has a lower melting point than regular beef, is said to be without peer. However, to call a cut of meat Kobe, there are several restricting conditions: It must come from Tajima cattle born, raised, and slaughtered in the Hyogo Prefecture, among other requirements. Until 2011, Japan did not even export Kobe beef, so unless you'd been to a Tokyo steakhouse, there was no way you'd ever tasted it.

像松露和魚子醬一樣，神戶牛肉完全符合美食的定義，每磅200美元不止。神戶牛肉精選細嫩的肥牛，其脂肪的熔點比普通牛肉要低，據說是舉世無雙。然而，除了普遍的牛肉選擇標準，用來做神戶牛肉的牛還必須滿足其他幾個限制條件：一定是日本田島出生，由兵庫縣飼養並於當地屠宰。到2011年，日本不再出口神戶牛肉。所以，除非你去日本的牛排餐廳，不然你是嘗不到真正的神戶牛肉。

So you might wonder how every other restaurant you go to seems to have a (often exorbitantly expensive) Kobe beef item on their menu. The answer is simple—while the term "Kobe beef" carried legal trademarks in its native Japan, in the United States, the term is wholly unregulated. As long as the restaurant calls it beef, they can feel free to describe it in any way they see 2012, the USDA relaxed its stance on beef imported from Japan provided the Japanese slaughterhouses were inspected and conformed to all standards upheld by American slaughterhouses. However, the amount of meat actually exported is still incredibly small, and it's difficult to obtain among a sea of imposters. One of the few places in the US to serve legitimate Kobe beef is the Wynn Las Vegas casino, but beware—you'll need deep pockets to enjoy this treat.

那你就會感到疑惑，爲什麼你去其他餐館也能在菜單上看到神戶牛肉（通常價格也昂貴）？答案非常簡單，因爲"神戶牛肉"這一術語只在日本才擁有合法商標，在美國，就完全不受管制。只要是自家餐館製作的牛肉，他們想怎麼描述牛肉是他們的自由。在2012年，美國農業部放寬了從日本進口牛肉的限制，並且爲日本提供了屠宰場。屠宰場都會經過檢查並且要符合美國屠宰場的標準。然而，實際出口的神戶牛肉數量很少，我們很難嚐到正宗的神戶牛肉。在美國有幾個提供正宗神戶牛肉的地方，其中就有拉斯維加斯永利賭場。但你要注意的是——爲了享受這種待遇，你得備上足夠的錢。

oms

7.避孕套

A great many of us are born as the result of "happy little accidents." Still others have a decidedly more ridiculous origin—the children of fathers who skimped on prophylactics and bought knock-off condoms. In 2013, a Chinese police officer noticed condoms for sale on a website at an exceedingly steep discount. He purchased some for testing, only to discover that they were poor-quality fakes.

我們大多數人的出生都是"美麗的意外"，但有少數人，他們的出生無疑是可笑的——他們的父親不僅在避孕藥上剋扣，買的還是劣質避孕套。2013年，一箇中國警察發現互聯網上的避孕套以超低的折扣出售。於是他買了一些用於測試，發現這些避孕套都是些劣質的假貨。

The condoms were in turn traced to a series of black market factories in the Fujian, Zhejiang, and Henan provinces. An astonishing 4.65 million condoms were found packaged under recognized brand names like Durex. Another 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) of material stood by ready to be wrapped. The racket was actually absurd in its simplicity—the makers purchased raw latex and treated it with cheap lubricant. The condoms were produced for around $0.03 USD and sold for $0.16 counterfeit rubbers were mostly distributed online but were also peddled through various underground vendors. Perhaps not surprisingly, they also found their way to Africa, an area already ravaged by sexually transmitted diseases. According to Thomas Amedzraof, the Ghanaian Food and Drug Authority, "When we tested those condoms, we found that they are poor quality, can burst in the course of sexual activity, and have holes which expose the users to unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease."

通過這些劣質避孕套，警察們順藤摸瓜，查出了福建，浙江，河南等省的一系列黑工廠。令人震驚的是，工廠有465萬個包裝好的避孕套用的是像杜蕾斯這樣的公認品牌名稱，另外還有500kg的材料正準備包裝。這種簡單的非法買賣很荒謬——製造商購買乳膠，然後用廉價的潤滑劑加工。避孕套的造價僅0.03美元，卻賣到了0.16美元。劣質避孕套大多分佈在網上，但也會兜售給地下供應商。他們將避孕套賣到了性傳播疾病流行的非洲，這可能並不令人意外。加納食品藥品監督管理局的托馬斯·阿梅德扎伊奧夫表示："測試這些避孕套的時候，我們發現它們都是劣質產品，在性活動中會破裂，破裂後形成的洞使得使用者面臨意外懷孕和染上性傳播疾病的危險。"

ria Medication

6.抗瘧疾藥物

Many cases of counterfeit goods are largely without consequence save for the bottom line of legitimate sellers, but those who fake malaria medication literally have the blood of thousands on their hands. In the Western world, many of us tend to think of malaria as some kind of relic of the past like black plague or polio, but it's still very active, particularly in Africa. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 198 million people contracted malaria in 2013, with over 500,000 dying of the illness.

很多情況下防冒品很大程度上不會觸犯合法賣家的底線，但造假抗瘧疾藥物的人手上卻沾滿了鮮血。在西方國家，我們大部分人都會把瘧疾看做過去遺留下來的一種疾病，像黑瘟疫或是小兒麻痹症那樣的。但現在瘧疾仍然非常活躍，尤其是在非洲地區。據世界衛生組織不完全統計，2013年有一億九千八百萬人身患瘧疾，其中超過五十萬人因此喪命。

One of the drugs being faked is Coartem, a regimen of 24 pills taken over three days developed by pharmaceutical company Novartis. Coartem vastly reduces the mortality rate of malaria. Although the drug is often provided either free or deeply subsidized, huge numbers of fake pills are being imported to Africa from China. In most places in Africa, there is very little control over pharmaceuticals, and they are often peddled on the street. Counterfeit pills have been found in at least 11 different African countries that contained very little Coartem or none at all, a problem which is reportedly on the rise according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information.

作爲抗瘧疾藥物中的一種，複方蒿甲醚也不可避免的有了假貨。這是一種由製藥公司諾華公司製造的抗瘧疾藥品，24片一療程，一個療程3天。複方蒿甲醚能夠極大地減少瘧疾死亡率。儘管該藥品多爲免費提供或者大量補助，但仍有大量假藥從中國輸入了非洲。在非洲大部分地區，藥物監管很不到位，常有人在大街上兜售藥物。非洲至少有11個不同的國家都發現了假藥，假藥內的複方蒿甲醚含量非常少，甚至根本沒有。據報道，美國國家生物技術信息中心稱此問題正在日益惡化。

審校：梅子九 編輯：listen 來源：前十網